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. 2015 Jun 15;237(2):135–145. doi: 10.1002/path.4563

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© 2015 Authors. The Journal of Pathology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.

This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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PATH-4563-FIG-0005-c — Stromal signalling pathways affecting epithelial cell stem cell function in the cancer microenvironment. Different cancer stromal elements express numerous factors that act upon the epithelium to modulate epithelial cancer stem cell function. The cancer‐associated fibroblasts express BMP antagonists and factors such as hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) and osteopontin (OPN). Tumour‐infiltrating immune cells secrete cytokines such as IL‐22 and IL‐17, and endothelial cells interact with the epithelium via expression of Jagged1, regulating the Notch pathway.