Table 1.

List of Commonly Used Geophysical Methods in Hydrology and the Geophysical Properties They Sense

Geophysical Method	Geophysical Properties	Examples of Derived Properties and States
DC resistivity	Electrical conductivity	Water content, clay content, pore water conductivity
Induced polarization	Electrical conductivity, chargeability	Water content, clay content, pore water conductivity, surface area, permeability
Spectral induced polarization	As above but with frequency dependence	Water content, clay content, pore water conductivity, surface area, permeability, geochemical transformations
Self‐potential	Electrical sources, electrical conductivity	Water flux, permeability
Electromagnetic induction	Electrical conductivity	Water content, clay content, salinity
Ground penetrating radar	Permittivity, electrical conductivity	Water content, porosity, stratigraphy
Seismic	Elastic moduli and bulk density	Lithology, ice content, cementation state, pore fluid substitution
Seismoelectrics	Electrical current density	Water content, permeability
Nuclear magnetic resonance	Proton density	Water content, permeability
Gravity	Bulk density	Water content, porosity