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. 2016 Feb 8;6:20572. doi: 10.1038/srep20572

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Copyright © 2016, Macmillan Publishers Limited

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in the credit line; if the material is not included under the Creative Commons license, users will need to obtain permission from the license holder to reproduce the material. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

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Structural comparison of L. glaciale cell wall grown under natural conditions (top) and cultured under high CO₂ conditions (bottom) using secondary electron microscopy (SEM, middle) (b,c) and transmitted electron microscopy (d) (TEM, right). The scale model (a) of L. glaciale on the far left is a modification of Ragazzola et al. (2012). Note the TEM images are not at the same scale. The higher CO₂ growth results in thinner walls and larger cells due to the CO_s fertilisation of the photosynthesis (a,b). The control sample exhibits a narrow central channel structure, with low porosity and small crystallites with little alignment. In contrast the acidified sample shows strongly oriented, elongate crystals filling the central interstitial zone approximately parallel to the wall surface.