Table 3.
Cardiometabolic, hunger, and physical activity changes from baseline to week 52 in the NNS and water groupsa
| Assessment periodb | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Outcome variable and group | Baseline | Week 52 | Change | P value for change |
| Waist circumference (cm) | ||||
| NNS | 108.00 ± 0.89 | 99.33 ± 0.97 | −8.67 ± 0.80* | <0.001 |
| Water | 107.10 ± 0.91 | 102.93 ± 1.00 | −4.17 ± 0.83* | <0.001 |
| NNS–water | 0.90 ± 1.27 | −3.60 ± 1.39 | −4.50 ± 1.16* | <0.001 |
| Systolic BP (mm Hg) | ||||
| NNS | 118.85 ± 1.01 | 116.36 ± 1.13 | −2.49 ± 1.14* | 0.030 |
| Water | 117.93 ± 1.03 | 119.67 ± 1.17 | 1.73 ± 1.18 | 0.143 |
| NNS–water | 0.92 ± 1.44 | −3.31 ± 1.63 | −4.23 ± 1.64* | 0.011 |
| Glucose (mg dl−1) | ||||
| NNS | 91.44 ± 1.37 | 92.28 ± 1.46 | 0.85 ± 1.03 | 0.411 |
| Water | 90.92 ± 1.39 | 92.55 ± 1.50 | 1.63 ± 1.06 | 0.127 |
| NNS–water | 0.52 ± 1.96 | −0.27 ± 2.09 | −0.78 ± 1.48 | 0.597 |
| Cholesterol (mg dl−1) | ||||
| NNS | 190.68 ± 2.77 | 182.39 ± 2.99 | −8.28 ± 2.38* | <0.001 |
| Water | 193.23 ± 2.82 | 190.99 ± 3.08 | −2.24 ± 2.46 | 0.363 |
| NNS–water | −2.56 ± 3.95 | −8.60 ± 4.29 | −6.04 ± 3.42 | 0.079 |
| HDL (mg dl−1) | ||||
| NNS | 52.95 ± 1.23 | 58.18 ± 1.37 | 5.23 ± 1.33* | <0.001 |
| Water | 53.50 ± 1.25 | 56.47 ± 1.42 | 2.97 ± 1.37* | 0.032 |
| NNS–water | −0.56 ± 1.75 | 1.71 ± 1.97 | 2.26 ± 1.91 | 0.237 |
| LDL (mg dl−1) | ||||
| NNS | 115.22 ± 2.40 | 106.46 ± 2.59 | −8.76 ± 2.11* | <0.001 |
| Water | 116.67 ± 2.43 | 112.02 ± 2.68 | −4.65 ± 2.19* | 0.032 |
| NNS–water | −1.45 ± 3.42 | −5.56 ± 3.73 | −4.11 ± 3.04 | 0.177 |
| Triglycerides (mg dl−1) | ||||
| NNS | 120.71 ± 5.79 | 92.68 ± 6.25 | −28.03 ± 4.92* | <0.001 |
| Water | 119.20 ± 5.89 | 115.29 ± 6.42 | −3.91 ± 5.09 | 0.443 |
| NNS–water | 1.51 ± 8.26 | −22.60 ± 8.96 | −24.12 ± 7.08* | <0.001 |
| Urine osmolality (mOsmol kg−1) | ||||
| NNS | 567.36 ± 21.70 | 568.22 ± 24.75 | 0.86 ± 27.71 | 0.975 |
| Water | 592.54 ± 22.06 | 609.21 ± 25.35 | 16.66 ± 28.50 | 0.559 |
| NNS–water | −25.18 ± 30.94 | −40.99 ± 35.56 | −15.81 ± 39.75 | 0.691 |
| How hungry did you feel over the past week (scale 1‐100?) | ||||
| NNS | 52.11 ± 1.55 | 50.83 ± 1.75 | −1.28 ± 1.94 | 0.509 |
| Water | 48.07 ± 1.58 | 53.23 ± 1.83 | 5.16 ± 2.02* | 0.011 |
| NNS–water | 4.04 ± 2.21 | −2.40 ± 2.53 | −6.44 ± 2.80* | 0.022 |
| Moderate/vigorous PA (min/d) | ||||
| NNS | 38.58 ± 3.19 | 75.66 ± 4.03 | 37.07 ± 4.92* | <0.001 |
| Water | 38.34 ± 3.25 | 69.48 ± 4.20 | 31.14 ± 5.09* | <0.001 |
| NNS–water | 0.25 ± 4.56 | 6.18 ± 5.83 | 5.93 ± 7.08 | 0.403 |
All analyses are from compound symmetry models. Statistically significant values (P < 0.05) are shown by an asterisk (*) and statistically significant P values are shown in bold. For waist circumference: n = 115 for NNS and 107 for water. For systolic BP: n = 115 for NNS and 108 for water. For glucose, cholesterol, HDL, and triglycerides: n = 114 for NNS and 107 for water. For LDL: n = 114 for NNS and 105 for water. For urine osmolality: n = 114 for NNS and 108 for water. For “How hungry did you feel over the past week”: n = 114 for NNS and 103 for water. For total moderate/vigorous PA: n = 95 for NNS and 87 for water.
All values are mean ± standard error.
NNS: non‐nutritive sweetener group; BP: blood pressure; PA: physical activity.