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. 2015 Aug 11;84(6):1600–1609. doi: 10.1111/1365-2656.12413

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© 2015 The Authors. Journal of Animal Ecology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of British Ecological Society.

This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution‐NonCommercial License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited and is not used for commercial purposes.

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Predation‐related hypotheses of the moose decline based on different predation rates (PR), generated from varying the form of the functional (FR) and numerical response (NR). PPW is prey consumed per wolf, and WD is wolf density (see text for details). (a) a Type I FR and Type 0 NR yields a density‐independent PR; (b) a Type I FR and Type II NR yields a density‐dependent PR; and (c) a Type II FR and Type II NR can transition from a depensatory PR to a density‐dependent PR. Scenario (b) can also be achieved by reversing the forms of the FR and NR (i.e. a Type II FR and Type I NR). Dotted and solid arrows, respectively, indicate the hypothetical moose population at the beginning and latter part of the moose reduction. Modified from Holling (1959b).