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. 2015 Jun 21;18(8):737–751. doi: 10.1111/ele.12462

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© 2015 The Authors. Ecology Letters published by CNRS and John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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An example of globally distributed, strong evolutionary convergence – small fishes with cylindrical bodies and reduced swim bladders that rest upon sand or gravel in streams where they feed on benthic invertebrates, (a) Etheostoma nigrum Rafinesque (Percidae, North America), (b) Characidium fasciatum Reinhardt (Crenuchidae, South America), (c) Nannocharax fasciatus Günther (Distichodontidae, Africa), (d) Padogobius nigricans (Canestrini) (Gobiidae, Europe), (e) Nemacheila notostigma (Bleeker) (Nemacheilidae, Asia) and (f) Gobiocichla wonderi Kanazawa (Cichlidae, Africa). Photos courtesy of David McShaffrey (a), Massimo Lorenzoni (d) and Anton Lamboj (b, c, e and f).