Table 1.

Five niche dimensions with primary and secondary strategies and examples of ordination schemes or theories (Full references appear in Appendix S25)

Niche dimensions	Strategies	Examples	References
Habitat	Primary
	Response to abiotic gradients	Species distribution and climate envelope models involving moisture, temperature, salinity, pH, etc.	Ferraro (2013), Negret et al. (2013), Pyke et al. (2013), Buckley et al. (2014)
	Secondary
	Spatial	Migration, territoriality, sedentary/mobile, depth	Pianka (1966), Roff & Fairbairn (2007), Bentlage et al. (2013)
	Temporal	Diapause, hibernation, diel and seasonal activity	Danks (1987), Villegas‐Amtmann et al. (2013)
	Structural	Adaptation to substrates, structural complexity, substrate roughness	MacArthur & MacArthur (1966), Kolde et al. (2012)
Life History	Primary
	Life history strategies	C‐S‐R, E‐P‐O and L‐H‐S models	Grime (1977), Winemiller & Rose (1992), Westoby (1998)
	Secondary
	Temporal	Semelparity/iteroparity	Orzack & Tuljapurkar (1989)
	Physiological	Reproductive modes/guilds	Balon (1975), Chao et al. (2013)
Trophic	Primary
	Feeding guilds	Animal trophic/feeding guilds, microbe/plant stoichiometry	Elser et al. (2000), Albouy et al. (2011), Rosas‐Guerrero et al. (2014)
	Secondary
	Physiological	Nutrition/energy storage	Shertzer & Ellner (2002)
	Behavioural	Ambush vs. active search, spatial/temporal segregation, symbiosis	Pianka (1966), Villegas‐Amtmann et al. (2013), Chao et al. (2013)
Defence	Primary
	Avoidance/resistance strategies	Fight or flight	Vanak et al. (2013)
	Secondary
	Quantitative/qualitative	Theory of plant apparency	Feeny (1967), Massad et al. (2011)
	Mechanical/allelochemical	Weapons, chemicals, armour	Emlen (2008), Moles et al. (2013)
Metabolic	Primary
	Metabolic rate strategies	Slow vs. fast metabolism	Brown et al. (2004), Humphries & McCann (2014)
	Secondary
	Energy allocation	Acquisition vs. conservation, leaf economics	Shertzer & Ellner (2002), Wright et al. (2004), Buckley et al. (2014)