Table 2.

Overview of biomaterials and fabrication methods suitable for heart valve tissue engineering

Biomaterial	Fabrication Method	Cells/Molecules included	Application and Results	Ref.
ECM	Decellularization	Endothelial cells and myofibroblasts	in vitro: matrix characterization and reseeding in a bioreactor	76
Homograft	Decellularization	­‐	Clinical trial: excellent function, no thrombus formation	79
Elastin and collagen	Molding	­‐	in vitro: bi‐layered material characterization and cell‐matrix interaction studies	81
PHA	Salt leaching	­‐	in vitro: viable ECM formation in a bioreactor	82
PGS‐PCL	Micromolding – Electrospinning	­‐	in vitro: 3‐layered construct supported growth of VICs and MSCs, ECM deposition	83
Fibrin gel and PET mesh	Hydrogel formation and knitting	Umbilical artery smooth muscle cells/myofibroblasts	in vitro: enhanced mechanical properties and tissue formation in a bioreactor	84
PEG‐PLA	Elektrospinning	­‐	in vitro: biomimicking scaffold, cytocompatible with VICs and VECs	85
ECM	Cell sheets	Human fibroblasts	in vitro: matrix characterization	86
ECM	Decellularization	Endothelial progenitor cell‐derived endothelial cells OR CD 133 antibody	in vivo (large animal): CD 133‐conjugated leaflets exhibited a progressive recellularization across the entire leaflet, no calcification	87
PEG	Hydrogel formation and micropatterning	RGDS peptide	in vitro: controllable morphology and activation of VICs via micropatterns	88
PGA mesh‐P4HB ‐ECM	Decellularization after ECM production with vascular derived cells	Mesenchymal stem cells	in vitro: mechanical and biochemical characterization in vivo (primate): moderate valvular insufficiency, rapid cellular repopulation	89, 90
ECM	Decellularization	Umbilical cord‐derived endothelial cells	in vitro: complete recellularization in a bioreactor (Mitral valve)	92
Fibrin gel and PET mesh	Hydrogel formation and knitting	Umbilical vein smooth muscle cells/fibroblasts	in vitro: tissue development in a bioreactor, recapitualtes the native structure (Mitral valve)	95