Table 1.
Baseline parameters as predictors of the 5-year mortality.
| Heart failure patients | Survived (n = 77) | Died (n = 57) | p value | Five-year mortality | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (n = 134) | HR | 95% CI of HR | Wald χ 2 | p value | ||||
| Clinical variables | ||||||||
| Age (years) | 67 (60–73) | 67 (60–71) | 70 (62–74) | 0.08 | 1.28 | 0.96–1.71 | 2.99 | 0.08 |
| Male gender | 110 (82) | 59 (76) | 51 (89) | 0.05 | 2.06 | 0.88–4.81 | 2.82 | 0.09 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 27 (24–30) | 27 (25–30) | 27 (23–29) | 0.14 | 0.82 | 0.63–1.07 | 2.01 | 0.15 |
| Ischemic | 77 (57) | 41 (53) | 36 (63) | 0.25 | 1.36 | 0.79–2.33 | 1.27 | 0.25 |
| LBBB | 110 (82) | 70 (90) | 40 (70) | 0.002 | 0.35 | 0.20–0.63 | 12.52 | <0.0001 |
| CRT-D | 22 (16) | 14 (18) | 8 (14) | 0.52 | 0.72 | 0.34–1.54 | 0.68 | 0.40 |
| Opt. lead position | 98 (73) | 56 (72) | 42 (73) | 0.90 | 1.00 | 0.55–1.80 | 0.00 | 1.00 |
| QRS (msec) | 163 (140–184) | 164 (140–184) | 163 (142–185) | 0.82 | 1.05 | 0.81–1.36 | 0.14 | 0.70 |
| LVEF (%) | 28 (23–33) | 28 (23–32) | 26 (23–33) | 0.90 | 0.96 | 0.73–1.27 | 0.05 | 0.82 |
| LVESV (mL) | 210 (153–276) | 218 (158–276) | 202 (140–259) | 0.30 | 0.90 | 0.68–1.20 | 0.45 | 0.50 |
| LVEDV (mL) | 303 (250–361) | 308 (250–381) | 294 (242–341) | 0.39 | 0.90 | 0.69–1.18 | 0.50 | 0.47 |
| NYHA III, IV | 115 (85) | 63 (81) | 52 (91) | 0.12 | 2.07 | 0.82–5.19 | 2.42 | 0.12 |
| Hypertension | 70 (52) | 42 (54) | 32 (56) | 0.85 | 1.04 | 0.61–1.75 | 0.02 | 0.88 |
| Hyperlipidemia | 32 (23) | 16 (20) | 16 (28) | 0.32 | 1.20 | 0.67–2.14 | 0.39 | 0.53 |
| Diabetes m. | 48 (35) | 26 (33) | 24 (42) | 0.32 | 1.51 | 0.89–2.56 | 2.36 | 0.12 |
| ACEi/ARB | 128 (95) | 75 (97) | 53 (92) | 0.22 | 0.54 | 0.19–1.49 | 1.39 | 0.23 |
| BB | 119 (88) | 73 (94) | 47 (82) | 0.02 | 0.34 | 0.17–0.69 | 9.11 | 0.003 |
| MRI | 93 (69) | 57 (74) | 37 (64) | 0.25 | 0.71 | 0.41–1.23 | 1.46 | 0.22 |
| Laboratory data | ||||||||
| RDW (%) | 13.6 (13.0–14.6) | 13.3 (12.9–14.0) | 14.2 (13.5–15.2) | <0.0001 | 1.48 | 1.25–1.75 | 20.89 | <0.0001 |
| Hematocrit (%) | 42 (38–45) | 42 (39–45) | 40 (36–43) | 0.01 | 0.70 | 0.53–0.92 | 6.21 | 0.01 |
| NT-proBNP (pg/mL) | 2612 (1454–5101) | 2188 (997–3567) | 4025 (2086–6482) | <0.0001 | 1.43 | 1.19–1.73 | 14.45 | <0.0001 |
| Creatinine (μmol/L) | 109 (79–134) | 93 (74–113) | 116 (91–148) | 0.0002 | 1.42 | 1.18–1.71 | 14.25 | <0.0001 |
Data are expressed as medians with interquartile ranges for continuous variables and as event numbers with percentages for categorical variables. For the comparison of continuous data, we used the Mann-Whitney test, whereas the chi squared test was applied for the comparison of the categorical variables. The 5-year mortality was assessed by using univariate Cox regression analysis. The hazard ratios refer to the presence versus the absence in the case of categorical variables and a 1 standard deviation increase in the case of continuous variables. HR = hazard ratio; CI = confidence interval; χ 2 = Wald chi squared; BMI = body mass index; Ischemic = ischemic etiology of the heart failure; LBBB = left bundle branch block; CRT-D = cardiac resynchronization therapy with implantable cardioverter defibrillator; Opt. lead position = lateral or posterolateral position; LVEF = left ventricular ejection fraction; LVESV = left ventricular end systolic volume; LVEDV = left ventricular end diastolic volume; NYHA III, IV = New York Heart Association classification 3-4; ACEi/ARB = angiotensin convertase inhibitor/angiotensin receptor blocker; BB = beta-blocker; MRI = mineralocorticoid receptor inhibitor; NT-proBNP = N-terminal of the prohormone brain natriuretic peptide; RDW = red blood cell distribution width.