Table 5.

Diagnostic methods of H. pylori infection recommended by several guidelines.

Guidelines	Invasive	Noninvasive
Global guidelines for developing countries [11]	Rapid urease test Histology Culture Fluorescence in situ hybridization polymerase chain reaction	Stool antigen test Finger-stick serology test Whole blood serology Urea breath test
Asia-Pacific consensus [7]	Rapid urease test Histology	Urea breath test Stool antigen test Serum antibody test (ELISA)
Europe [6]	Rapid urease test Histology Culture	Urea breath test Stool antigen test Serum antibody test (ELISA)
United States [12]	Rapid urease test Histology Culture Polymerase chain reaction	Urea breath test Stool antigen test Antibody test (quantitative and qualitative)
Japan [18]	Rapid urease test Histology Fluorescence in situ hybridization Culture	Urea breath test Antibody test (serum, whole blood, urine, and saliva) Stool antigen test
China [19]	Rapid urease test Culture Histology (Immunohistochemistry + fluorescence in situ hybridization)	Urea breath test Stool antigen test
Republic of Korea [20]	Rapid urease test Histology	Urea breath test Serum antibody test Stool antigen test

ELISA: enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.