. 2014 Dec 2;2014:721067. doi: 10.1155/2014/721067

Table 4.

Amino acids profile (mg/L) of Nunu prepared with various single and combined starter culture(s) of LAB.

Amino acids	Starter cultures
Amino acids	Sp	Lf	Lp	Lh	Lm	Lf + Lp	Lf + Lh	Lf + Lm	Lp + Lh	Lp + Lm	Lh + Lm
Lysine^*	2.53 ± 0.02^h	4.60 ± 0.06^a	3.80 ± 0.02^b	4.65 ± 0.02^a	1.91 ± 0.01^f	2.43 ± 0.01^e	3.85 ± 0.01^b	2.63 ± 0.02^d	3.53 ± 0.06^c	2.65 ± 0.02^d	2.12 ± 0.01^g
Argentine	3.15 ± 0.01^a	6.88 ± 0.09^b	3.44 ± 0.01^c	4.32 ± 0.01^d	1.93 ± 0.01^e	4.94 ± 0.02^f	3.51 ± 0.01^g	ND	3.63 ± 0.01^h	1.55 ± 0.01ⁱ	ND
Histidine^*	2.93 ± 0.06^a	3.85 ± 0.09^d	4.11 ± 0.01^e	3.83 ± 0.03^d	3.57 ± 0.03^c	3.00 ± 0.00^b	2.96 ± 0.01^b	ND	3.97 ± 0.06^f	3.10 ± 0.10^b	ND
Methionine^*	1.75 ± 0.02^a	4.58 ± 0.02^e	3.99 ± 0.01^f	2.13 ± 0.02^c	1.88 ± 0.01^b	4.88 ± 0.01^g	5.73 ± 0.02^h	1.88 ± 0.01^b	6.77 ± 0.01ⁱ	2.24 ± 0.02^d	2.24 ± 0.02^d
Isoleucine^*	2.99 ± 0.01^a	5.80 ± 0.11^b	2.11 ± 0.01^c	6.51 ± 0.02^e	3.49 ± 0.01^f	4.22 ± 0.01^g	2.86 ± 0.01^a	2.95 ± 0.00^a	7.10 ± 0.10^h	1.16 ± 0.01ⁱ	2.57 ± 0.02^j
Tryptophan	3.13 ± 0.01^a	2.34 ± 0.02^b	3.42 ± 0.02^c	3.95 ± 0.01^d	2.01 ± 0.01^e	4.86 ± 0.01^f	2.51 ± 0.01^g	3.66 ± 0.01^h	5.27 ± 0.06ⁱ	ND	ND
Threonine^*	3.33 ± 0.02^a	3.21 ± 0.01^b	2.82 ± 0.01^c	4.07 ± 0.15^d	ND	4.53 ± 0.01^e	2.52 ± 0.01^f	3.32 ± 0.01^a	ND	1.46 ± 0.01^g	ND
Proline	2.63 ± 0.01^a	2.68 ± 0.02^a	3.77 ± 0.01^c	4.51 ± 0.02^d	0.80 ± 0.01^e	4.67 ± 0.01^b	3.44 ± 0.02^f	4.64 ± 0.01^b	4.75 ± 0.04^b	1.90 ± 0.02^g	2.79 ± 0.02^h
Glutamine	4.02 ± 0.01^a	4.22 ± 0.01^g	2.68 ± 0.00^d	7.82 ± 0.02ⁱ	0.98 ± 0.01^b	3.80 ± 0.01^f	3.77 ± 0.02^f	2.68 ± 0.01^d	5.47 ± 0.12^h	3.14 ± 0.02^e	1.97 ± 0.01^c
Asparagine	3.21 ± 0.01^f	2.45 ± 0.01^c	2.55 ± 0.01^d	4.70 ± 0.01^g	1.58 ± 0.02^a	2.95 ± 0.01^e	3.22 ± 0.01^f	1.53 ± 0.01^a	6.41 ± 0.01^h	2.61 ± 0.01^d	1.99 ± 0.01^b
Glutamic acid	3.14 ± 0.01^f	2.65 ± 0.02^d	3.24 ± 0.05^f	4.50 ± 0.01^g	2.92 ± 0.02^e	ND	2.45 ± 0.02^c	2.09 ± 0.01^a	7.10 ± 0.01^h	3.18 ± 0.01^f	2.39 ± 0.02^c
Valine^*	2.81 ± 0.02^c	ND	4.11 ± 0.01^e	4.21 ± 0.01^f	4.87 ± 0.02^g	2.47 ± 0.01^b	2.46 ± 0.02^b	2.96 ± 0.01^d	ND	2.16 ± 0.01^a	2.95 ± 0.01^d
Phenylamine^*	1.18 ± 0.01^a	3.83 ± 0.02^e	4.07 ± 0.16^f	3.62 ± 0.01^d	ND	4.74 ± 0.01^h	1.94 ± 0.02^b	ND	4.45 ± 0.01^g	3.96 ± 0.01^f	2.92 ± 0.02^c
Aspartic acid	1.25 ± 0.01^a	3.54 ± 0.06^d	3.71 ± 0.02^e	4.07 ± 0.01^f	ND	ND	2.81 ± 0.02^b	3.27 ± 0.01^c	4.45 ± 0.01^g	ND	ND
Serine	ND	ND	2.66 ± 0.02^a	4.74 ± 0.01^c	ND	ND	6.33 ± 0.01^b	3.28 ± 0.01^c	5.32 ± 0.01^g	ND	ND
Glycine	2.14 ± 0.02^b	4.23 ± 0.01^h	3.24 ± 0.02^e	3.22 ± 0.01^e	2.51 ± 0.01^c	ND	4.07 ± 0.01^g	3.42 ± 0.01^f	5.57 ± 0.01ⁱ	3.12 ± 0.01^d	1.77 ± 0.02^a
Tyrosine	1.16 ± 0.01^a	2.78 ± 0.02^d	5.34 ± 0.02^h	3.03 ± 0.01^e	ND	3.70 ± 0.01^f	2.71 ± 0.01^d	4.22 ± 0.00^g	6.00 ± 0.10ⁱ	2.16 ± 0.01^c	1.82 ± 0.02^b
Alanine	1.44 ± 0.01^a	3.75 ± 0.05^h	7.96 ± 0.01^j	2.63 ± 0.02^e	2.47 ± 0.01^d	3.70 ± 0.01^h	3.10 ± 0.00^g	2.43 ± 0.01^c	4.32 ± 0.01ⁱ	2.77 ± 0.02^c	2.15 ± 0.02^b
Cystine	2.10 ± 0.01^b	2.81 ± 0.01^e	2.70 ± 0.01^d	5.60 ± 0.01^g	ND	ND	6.18 ± 0.02^h	2.41 ± 0.01^c	4.51 ± 0.06^f	2.65 ± 0.02^d	1.59 ± 0.01^a
Leucine^*	1.25 ± 0.01^a	2.61 ± 0.02^b	3.92 ± 0.01^c	5.98 ± 0.01^d	0.76 ± 0.01^e	5.77 ± 0.01^f	4.56 ± 0.01^g	4.86 ± 0.02^h	6.21 ± 0.01ⁱ	1.76 ± 0.01^j	1.19 ± 0.01^k

^*Essential amino acids. Values are means of three experiments; ND: not detected; ±: standard deviation. Values in the same row with different letters differ significantly from each other (P < 0.05). Spontaneously fermented (Sp), L. fermentum (Lf), L. plantarum (Lp), L. helveticus (Lh), and L. mesenteroides (Lm), L. fermentum + L. plantarum (Lf + Lp), L. fermentum + L. helveticus (Lf + Lh), L. fermentum + L. mesenteroides (Lf + Lm), L. plantarum + L. helveticus (Lp + Lh), L. plantarum + L. mesenteroides (Lp + Lm), L. helveticus + L. mesenteroides (Lh + Lm).