Table 1.
The antibacterial activities of aqueous and methanol extracts of miswak against 10 MDR pathogenic organisms.
| MDR bacterial isolates∗ | The diameter of inhibition zones (mm) | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Aqueous extract (mg/mL) | Methanol extract (mg/mL) | Positive control∗∗ | ||||||||
| 400 | 200 | 100 | 50 | 400 | 200 | 100 | 50 | VAN (30 µg) | TOB (10 µg) | |
| MRSA | 6.2 | 5.1 | 3.8 | 3.0 | 8.3 | 5.1 | 3.4 | 2.0 | 18 | NT |
| MRSE | 6.0 | 4.8 | 3.2 | 2.7 | 7.6 | 5.8 | 3.1 | 1.8 | 19 | NT |
| Streptococcus pyogenes | 6.4 | 4.5 | 3.5 | 2.6 | 7.4 | 5.4 | 3.0 | 2.2 | 21 | NT |
| E. faecalis | 6.1 | 5.2 | 4.0 | 3.2 | 7.8 | 6.1 | 5.0 | 2.9 | 19 | NT |
| E. coli | 12.3 | 9.7 | 7.2 | 5.3 | 13.6 | 9.2 | 6.5 | 4.8 | NT | 21 |
| K. pneumonia | 11.8 | 8.5 | 7.0 | 4.3 | 12.7 | 8.7 | 5.8 | 4.6 | NT | 20 |
| P. aeruginosa | 10.5 | 8.0 | 5.9 | 4.0 | 10.2 | 8.8 | 6.2 | 4.2 | NT | 17 |
| S. marcescens | 12.0 | 9.2 | 5.6 | 4.8 | 12.5 | 8.1 | 5.0 | 4.5 | NT | 18 |
| A. baumannii | 8.5 | 7.3 | 4.6 | 3.2 | 9.8 | 8.0 | 5.2 | 3.5 | NT | 16 |
| S. maltophilia | 8.2 | 7.0 | 4.8 | 3.0 | 9.5 | 7.6 | 4.9 | 3.3 | NT | 16 |
∗MRSA: methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus, MRSE: methicillin-resistant staphylococcus epidermidis.
∗∗VAN: vancomycin, TOB: tobramycin, and NT: Not tested.
The CLSI zone diameter interpretive criteria for vancomycin (VAN): ≥15 mm: susceptible, 13-14 mm: intermediate, and ≤12 mm: resistant [21].
The CLSI zone diameter interpretive criteria for tobramycin (TOB): ≥17 mm: susceptible, 15-16 mm: intermediate, and ≤14 mm: resistant [21].