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Mean transcriptional expression of TNF-α after chronic exposure.
Notes: Significantly increased levels of TNF-α were observed in CS animals at 1 month (A) and 3 months (B) of CS. The increased levels of TNF-α were significantly attenuated with PJ supplementation. Error bars represent SE. Asterisks indicate statistically significant associations (P<0.05).
Abbreviations: CS, cigarette smoke; PJ, pomegranate juice; SE, standard error; TNF, tumor necrosis factor.
