Table 2.

Baseline characteristics of patients with future exacerbation (once or more) and frequent exacerbation (twice or more) by univariate analysis

Parameters	Once or more		Twice or more
	n/total	OR (95% CI)	n/total	OR (95% CI)
Age ≥68 years	20/40	2.80 (1.08–7.25)*	14/40	6.28 (1.63–24.1)**
Male sex	27/69	1.29 (0.30–5.58)	15/69	0.97 (0.18–5.18)
Body mass index ≤21.4 kg/m2	21/39	3.89 (1.47–10.3)**	11/39	2.16 (0.71–6.59)
Current smokers	7/26	0.46 (0.17–1.29)	3/26	0.35 (0.09–1.37)
Smoking index ≥53.5 pack-years	17/39	1.55 (0.62–3.87)	10/39	1.57 (0.53–4.68)
Previous exacerbations once or more in the last year	17/28	4.40 (1.64–11.8)**	10/28	3.41 (1.12–10.4)*
Previous exacerbations twice or more in the last year	13/17	8.41 (2.40–29.3)**	7/17	3.57 (1.10–9.24)*
Previous hospitalizations in the last year	2/5	1.07 (0.17–6.82)	2/5	2.58 (0.40–16.8)
mMRC scale ≥2 grades	13/21	3.82 (1.34–10.9)*	9/24	4.59 (1.47–14.4)*
Total CAT score ≥10 points	22/42	3.85 (1.43–10.4)**	13/42	3.59 (1.05–12.2)
Hypertension, yes	9/23	1.04 (0.38–2.83)	6/23	1.41 (0.45–4.42)
Diabetes, yes	12/27	1.46 (0.57–3.80)	9/30	2.14 (0.72–6.37)
Dyslipidemia, yes	14/38	0.88 (0.35–2.18)	7/38	0.68 (0.23–2.01)
Gastroesophageal reflux disease, yes	7/9	7.00 (1.35–36.4)*	6/10	10.5 (2.29–48.6)**
Duration of COPD ≥4 years	19/41	2.04 (0.80–5.20)	13/41	3.83 (1.12–13.1)*
Pneumococcal vaccination, yes	11/15	6.34 (1.80–22.6)**	8/15	6.86 (2.00–23.6)*
Regular users of ICS, yes	12/15	10.0 (2.52–39.7)**	9/15	10.3 (2.89–37.8)**
FEV1 predicted <50%	18/24	10.5 (3.41–32.3)***	12/24	9.80 (2.89–33.2)**

Notes:

^*P<0.05;

^**P<0.01;

^***P<0.0001.

Abbreviations: CAT, COPD Assessment Test; CI, confidence interval; FEV₁, forced expiratory volume in 1 second; ICSs, inhaled corticosteroids; mMRC, modified Medical Research Council; OR, odds ratio.