Table 1.

Cell tractions reported using hydrogel and micropost platforms vary widely with cell type, ECM, and substrate conditions.

Substrate stiffness (if reported, kPa)	Range of Traction Stress (kPa)	Cell Type	Reference
Polyacrylamide hydrogels analyzed by traction force microscopy
2.8 – 30	0.25 – 0.5	T3T fibroblasts	[188]
15.6	0.5 – 10	Mouse embryo fibroblast	[43]
10	0.15 – 0.80	Invasive epithelial bladder cancer cells (T24)	[189]
1.95 – 9.9	0.2	Invasive epithelial bladder cancer cells (T24)	[50]
6.2	1.32 – 2.48	3T3 fibroblasts	[47]
PDMS micropost arrays
Micropost stiffness (nN/µ m)	Force per post (nN)	Cell Type	Reference
32	2 – 78	Bovine pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells, 3T3 fibroblasts	[19]
31	1 – 32	Human pulmonary artery endothelial cells	[190]
1.9	0.14 – 1.2	Murine dendritic cells	[191]

Comparison between these systems is complicated due to assumptions required about the substrate and cell-ECM adhesions.