Fig. 1A–C.

(A) A rotating beam-bending specimen machined from the cortical bone and (B) a schematic representation of the custom rotating-bending fatigue testing apparatus used in our study are shown. PBS = phosphate buffered saline. (C) The loading profile of the rotating bending specimen is shown. During a 360° rotation, any given point at the perimeter of the specimen experiences tension (blue), compression (red), and shear (green).