Figure 3.

Proton motive force, H⁺ conductivity through ATP synthase, and H⁺ flux. Electrochromic shift measurements (ECS) were performed on 30 min dark-adapted wild-type and mutant plants. (A) Total proton motive force (ECS_t normalized to ECS_ST) induction kinetics during illumination at the given light intensity. (B) ATP synthase conductivity (g_H⁺), and (C) proton flux (ν_H⁺) were calculated from ECS decay kinetics as described in Section Materials and Methods. The plotted data are means ± SEM (n = 8–9 plants). Asterisks indicate statistically significant differences according to ANOVA (P < 0.05).