Fig. 1.

Macroscopic and microscopic arthritis development in CIA

OVX DBA/1 mice were subjected to CIA and treated with LAS, BZA, E2 or vehicle. (A and B) Macroscopic scoring of arthritis development (n = 15–16 mice/group). (A) Severity of arthritis, expressed as the mean. The area under curve was calculated for each treatment group. (B) Incidence of arthritis, presented as the mean. (C) Microscopic synovitis and erosions on bone and cartilage, presented as the median and interquartile range (n = 13–16 mice/group). Kruskal–Wallis analysis of variance and Dunn’s post hoc test were used in A and C. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, compared with the vehicle group. (D) Representative histological photos of joints in the paws. BZA: bazedoxifene; E2: 17β-estradiol; LAS: lasofoxifene; OVX: ovariectomised; veh: vehicle.