Table 3.
Gen3G participant's characteristics during pregnancy and at birth
| Parameter | Total valid n* | Value |
|---|---|---|
| Baseline | ||
| Age (year) | 962 | 28.4±4.5 |
| Ethnicity (% Caucasian) | 962 | 918 (95.4) |
| Alcohol consumers (currently consuming) | 962 | 10 (1.0) |
| Alcohol consumption (portion per week) | 8 | 0.7 [0.2–7] |
| Smoking | 962 | |
| Past smokers | 365 (37.9) | |
| Current smokers | 104 (10.8) | |
| Cigarettes smoked per day (in current smokers only) | 6.5 [3.6–10.0] | |
| Parity (% primiparous) | 962 | 332 (34.5) |
| Medical diagnosis | 962 | |
| PCOS | 16 (1.7) | |
| Asthma | 63 (6.5) | |
| Allergies | 168 (17.5) | |
| Gastric reflux | 61 (6.3) | |
| Thyroid problems | 104 (10.8) | |
| Bladder problems | 20 (2.1) | |
| Mental health issues | 46 (4.8) | |
| Pre-pregnancy weight† (kg) | 952 | 63.5 [56.8–74.8] |
| Pre-pregnancy BMI (kg/m2) | 952 | 23.3 [20.9–27.4] |
| Visit 1 | ||
| Gestational week | 962 | 9.6±2.3 |
| Season of visit (% women recruited at) | 961 | Summer:24%; Fall:23% Winter:23%; Spring:30% |
| Sun exposure† | 943 | |
| High | 645 (68.4) | |
| Medium | 284 (30.1) | |
| Low | 14 (1.5) | |
| Nutrition | ||
| Fruits and vegetables (times per day) | 777 | 5 [4–7] |
| Breakfast consumption | 947 | |
| Every day or most days | 886 (93.6) | |
| Less than most days | 61 (6.4) | |
| Restaurant meals (times per month) | 923 | 4 [2–8] |
| Fish consumption (>2 per week) | 955 | 150 (15.7) |
| Physical activity | ||
| Energy spent (kcal/kg/day) | 861 | 1.48 [0.70–2.65] |
| Sleep duration (hours per night) | 861 | 8.3±1.3 |
| Sedentary activities (hours per week) | 857 | 15.7±8.8 |
| Anthropometry | ||
| Weight (kg) | 962 | 65.4 [58.5–77.9] |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 962 | 24.2 [21.6–28.2] |
| Body fat (%) | 957 | 32.0±8.5 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 962 | 90 [82.0–99.0] |
| Systolic/diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 960 | 110/69±10/7 |
| Blood biochemistry | ||
| Glycaemic regulation | ||
| Glycaemia post-50 g GCT (mmol/L) | 913 | 5.4 [4.6–6.5] |
| Side effects due to the 50 g GCT (% yes) | 962 | 288 (29.9) |
| HbA1c (%) | 956 | 5.2±0.3 |
| Apo B (mmol/L) | 399 | 0.78±0.19 |
| Calcium (mmol/L) | 960 | 2.23±0.10 |
| Phosphorus (mmol/L) | 958 | 1.03±0.16 |
| Parathormone (pmol/L) | 999 | 2.3 [1.8–3.0] |
| Vitamin D [25OHD2 and D3] (nmol/L) | 790 | 63.4±19.6 |
| Adiponectin (µg/mL) | 479 | 11.8±4.6 |
| Peptide C (pg/mL) | 814 | 1826 [1436–2390] |
| Insulin (pg/mL) | 814 | 1287 [898–1817] |
| Leptin (pg/mL) | 814 | 8467 [4685–13 806] |
| TNFα (pg/mL) | 814 | 1.58 [1.20–2.12] |
| Visit 2 | ||
| Gestational week | 857 | 26.4±1.0 |
| Season of visit (% women with visit 2 at) | 851 | Summer:33%; Fall:24% Winter:24%; Spring:19% |
| Sun exposure† | 847 | |
| High | 550 (64.9) | |
| Medium | 256 (30.2) | |
| Low | 48 (5.7) | |
| Nutrition | ||
| Fruits and vegetables consumption (times per day) | 824 | 6 [5–8] |
| Breakfast consumption | 843 | |
| Every day or most days | 829 (98.3) | |
| Less than most days | 21 (1.7) | |
| Restaurant meals (times per month) | 843 | 4 [2–8] |
| Fish consumption (>2 per week) | 850 | 131 (15.4) |
| Physical activity | ||
| Energy spent per day (kcal/kg) | 849 | 1.24 [0.52–2.24] |
| Sleep duration (hours per night) | 839 | 8.1±1.4 |
| Sedentary activities (hours per week) | 834 | 17.1±10.1 |
| Anthropometry | ||
| Weight (kg) | 854 | 72.5 [66.0–83.9] |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 854 | 26.8 [24.2–30.4] |
| Body fat (%) | 846 | 35.9±6.7 |
| Systolic/diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 851 | 107/67±9/7 |
| Blood biochemistry | ||
| Glycaemic regulation | ||
| Fasting glycaemia (mmol/L) | 854 | 4.2 [4.0–4.4] |
| Glycaemia 1 h into OGTT | 854 | 7.1 [6.0–8.1] |
| Glycaemia 2 h into OGTT | 854 | 5.7 [4.9–6.7] |
| Side effects due to the 75 g OGTT (% yes) | 848 | 395 (46.6) |
| HbA1c (%) | 854 | 5.0 [4.8–5.2] |
| GDM diagnosis | 854 | 72‡ (8.4) |
| Lipid profile | ||
| Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 853 | 6.20±1.11 |
| Triglycerides (mmol/L) | 853 | 1.92±0.63 |
| HDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | 824 | 1.92±0.42 |
| LDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | 818 | 3.46±1.00 |
| Apo A (mmol/L) | 851 | 2.11±0.28 |
| Apo B (mmol/L) | 851 | 1.21±0.28 |
| Fasting NEFA (nmol/L) | 260 | 0.25±0.10 |
| Calcium (mmol/L) | 835 | 2.08±0.12 |
| Phosphorus (mmol/L) | 834 | 0.83±0.12 |
| Parathormone (pmol/L) | 833 | 2.7 [2.2–3.4] |
| Fasting adiponectin (µg/mL) | 843 | 12.5±4.7 |
| Fasting peptide C (pg/mL) | 820 | 844 [630–1169] |
| Fasting insulin (pg/mL) | 795 | 293 [213–412] |
| Fasting leptin (pg/mL) | 824 | 14 093 [8668–22 145] |
| Fasting TNFα (pg/mL) | 825 | 1.62 [1.18–2.19] |
| Delivery | ||
| Gestational week§ | 844 | 39.3±1.4 |
| End-of-pregnancy weight§¶ | 841 | 78.2 [71.3–90.0] |
| GDM treatment§ | 80 | |
| Not referred to CHUS GDM clinic | 24 (30.0) | |
| Lifestyle | 19 (23.8) | |
| Lifestyle+pharmacological treatment | 37 (46.3) | |
| Use of antibiotics before/during delivery§ | 807 | 301 (37.3) |
| Anaesthesia (any kind)§ | 813 | 742 (91.3) |
| Delivery mode§ | 854 | |
| Caesarean section (first time) | 77 (9.0) | |
| Caesarean section (iterative) | 65 (7.6) | |
| Vaginal | 712 (83.4) | |
| Newborns characteristics | ||
| Sex (% female)§ | 854 | 410 (48.0) |
| APGAR score at 1 min§ | 854 | 9 [8–9] |
| APGAR score at 5 min§ | 854 | 9 [9–10] |
| Breastfeeding status at discharge§ | 739 | |
| Breastmilk only | 670 (90.7) | |
| Artificial only | 62 (8.4) | |
| Mixed | 7 (0.9) | |
| Malformation§ | 853 | 12 (1.4) |
| Admission to NICU§ | 805 | 81 (10.1) |
| Hypoglycaemia at birth§ | 807 | 94 (11.6) |
| Hyperbilirubinaemia§ | 819 | 104 (12.7) |
| Fracture or dislocation§ | 806 | 9 (1.1) |
| Anthropometry | ||
| Birth weight (kg)§ | 851 | 3.405 [3.115–3.705] |
| Birth weight z-score** | 851 | 0.06±0.87 |
| Weight for gestational age** | 851 | |
| Small | 36 (4.2) | |
| Adequate | 752 (88.4) | |
| Large | 63 (7.4) | |
| Body fat mass (kg)†† | 262 | 0.57±0.16 |
| Body fat percentage | 262 | 16.5±3.1 |
| Birth length (cm)§ | 853 | 50.9±2.3 |
| Birth length z-score¶ | 846 | 0.32±0.82 |
| Head circumference (cm)§ | 848 | 34.5±1.5 |
| Head circumference z-score** | 848 | 0.04±0.95 |
| Cord blood biochemistry | ||
| Vitamin D [25OHD2 and D3] (nmol/L) | 655 | 52.8±18.2 |
| Adiponectin (µg/mL) | 644 | 24.3±10.8 |
| Peptide C (pg/mL) | 650 | 413 [313–605] |
| Insulin (pg/mL) | 655 | 315 [236–431] |
| Leptin (pg/mL) | 658 | 11 593 [5842–19 494 ] |
| TNFα (pg/mL) | 660 | 5.37 [4.13–6.86] |
| pH§ | 830 | 7.24±0.22 |
| pCO2 (mm Hg)§ | 818 | 53.9 [47.1–61.4] |
| pO2 (mm Hg)§ | 813 | 22.5 [17.6–27.8] |
| HCO3 (mmol/L)§ | 818 | 23.3 [21.5–25.0] |
| Haemoglobin (g/L)§ | 851 | 157 [146–168] |
| Glucose (mmol/L) | 660 | 4.44±0.93 |
*This n indicates the maximum number of participants that contributed data for a specific variable at a specific time point.
†Self-reported.
‡Eight additional participants were diagnosed with GDM through other modes than IADPSG criteria before the research visit 2 and thus did not undergo a full OGTT.
§Starred variables were extracted from electronic hospital records.
¶Weight at the last routine visit before delivery, taken from the medical chart. The gestational week at which that measure was taken varies.
**Fenton's chart16 was used to calculate z-scores and weight for gestational age.
††Calculated from measured skinfold thickness (tricep, bicep, subscapulla and suprailiac folds).
Apo A, apolipoprotein A; Apo B, apolipoprotein B; BMI, body mass index; CHUS, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke; GDM, gestational diabetes mellitus; Gen3G, Genetics of Glucose regulation in Gestation and Growth; HbA1c, glycated haemoglobin; HCO3, bicarbonate concentration; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; IADPSG, International Association of the Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Groups; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; NEFA, non-esterified fatty acids; NICU, neonatal intensive care unit; OGTT, oral glucose tolerance test; pCO2, partial pressure of carbon dioxide; PCOS, polycystic ovary syndrome; pH, acidity; pO2, partial pressure of oxygen; TNF, tumour necrosis factor.