Table 1.

3D Bioprinting Approaches

Material	Binder/Crosslinker	Resolution (μm)	Reference (s)
Powder-based 3D Printing
Synthetic polymer powder	Chloroform binder	38-150^*	[12], [22]
Plaster powder	ZB7 water-based binder	300	[23]
Organic compounds	BioAct^™ binder	181 ± 8	[25]
HA/soluble polymer	Polymer-based binder	500	[36]
TCP powder	Water-based binder	400	[37]
DCPD; HA	Phosphoric acid binder	N/A	[64]
Liquid-based 3D Dispensing
Molten polymer/starch		300	[33]
Gelatin/chitosan	TPP and glutaraldehyde crosslinker	10	[27]
Alginate	CaCl₂ solution	320±41	[25]
	CaCl₂/gelatin surface	200	[57]
Gelatin/alginate/fibrinogen	CaCl₂/thrombin	N/A	[32]
3D fiber-drawing
Glucose/sucrose/dextran		200	[13]
Macrofilament stacking
Gelatin/PEG tetracrylate/thiolated HA filament/agarose rods		500	[14]
Cells/agarose rods		900	[2], [3], [74]

indicates use of milling to achieve resoultion; HA= hydroxyapatite; TCP= tricalcium phosphate; DCPD= dicalcium phosphate dihydrate (brushite); N/A indicates resolution was not mentioned