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. 2016 Feb 9;16:16. doi: 10.1186/s12866-016-0634-6

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© Shokal et al. 2016

Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

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Fig. 5 — Transcription of immune signaling pathway genes in flies carrying or lacking endosymbionts following bacterial infection. Gene transcription levels for Cecropin-A1 (a, b), Defensin (c, d), Turandot (Tot) M (e, f) and Puckered (g, h) in D. melanogaster adult flies without Wolbachia and Spiroplasma (W-S-), with both endosymbionts (W + S+), and with Wolbachia only (W + S-) at 0, 6 and 18 h after infection with E. coli (strain K12) or P. luminescens (strain TT01). Gene transcription levels are shown as relative abundance of transcripts normalized to gene RpL32 and expressed as a ratio compared to flies injected with sterile PBS (negative control). Values represent the means from three biological replicates and error bars represent standard deviations. ****P < 0.0001; **P < 0.01; *P < 0.05 (one way analysis of variance with a Tukey post hoc test, GraphPad Prism5 software)