Table 2.
Males: non-communicable disease and risk factors by age group, 25 to 64 years in Viseisei and Fiji
| NCD and risk factors | Means and prevalences with 95 % confidence intervals | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age specific data and trend by age group | Age std to: 2007 census | 1996 census | ||||||
| Viseisei 2012 survey | Fiji 2011* | Fiji 2002* | ||||||
| 25–34 yrs | 35–44 yrs | 45–54 yrs | 55–64 yrs | Age: linear trend‡‡ | 25–64 std# | 25–64 std‡ | 25–64 std† | |
| (n = 319) | (n = 298) | (n = 316) | (n = 240) | (n = 1173) | (n = 1050) | (n = 2019 ) | ||
| Daily smoker % | 34.2 | 33.6 | 31.0 | 29.2 | 0.92 (p = 0.16) | 33.4 | 26.2 | 28.8 |
| 29.0–39.4 | 28.2–38.9 | 25.9–36.1 | 23.4–34.9 | 30.5–36.3 | 23.3–29.2 | 26.7–30.9 | ||
| Excessive alcohol % | 55.8 | 46.9 | 33.7 | 22.0 | 0.61 (p < 0.0001) | 43.7 | 19.9 | – |
| 49.9–61.6 | 41.1–52.6 | 28.4–39.0 | 16.7–27.3 | 40.5–46.8 | 17.1–22.7 | |||
| Low fruit & vegetable % | 70.9 | 66.4 | 74.0 | 70.5 | 1.04 (p = 0.56) | 72.4 | 47.8 | – |
| 65.9–75.9 | 61.0–71.9 | 69.1–78.8 | 64.7–76.3 | 69.7–75.1 | 44.2–51.3 | |||
| Mean BMI kg/m2 | 25.0 | 26.4 | 26.5 | 25.6 | 0.23 (p = 0.11) | 26.4 | 26.4 | 25.1 |
| 24.4–25.6 | 25.8–27.0 | 25.8–27.1 | 25.0–26.3 | 26.1–26.8 | 26.0–26.8 | 24.9–25.3 | ||
| BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2 % | 40.1 | 54.4 | 52.8 | 50.0 | 1.10 (p = 0.10) | 56.7 | 58.7 | 46.3 |
| 34.7–45.5 | 48.7–60.0 | 47.3–58.4 | 43.7–56.3 | 53.6–59.8 | 55.6–61.9 | 44.0–48.6 | ||
| BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2 % | 15.9 | 19.9 | 25.4 | 19.0 | 1.12 (p = 0.11) | 23.2 | 22.0 | 12.9 |
| 11.7–20.1 | 15.1–24.6 | 20.5–30.4 | 14.0–24.1 | 20.4–25.9 | 19.4–24.6 | 11.4–14.4 | ||
| Mean waist cm | 88.0 | 92.2 | 94.7 | 94.4 | 2.28 (p < 0.0001) | 92.6 | 91.2 | 86.0 |
| 86.6–89.3 | 90.8–93.6 | 93.2–96.2 | 92.9–95.9 | 91.8–93.3 | 88.4–94.1 | 85.5–86.6 | ||
| High waist %║ | 10.7 | 18.4 | 29.1 | 23.8 | 1.40 (p < 0.0001) | 21.9 | 18.4 | 9.3 |
| 7.1–14.2 | 13.8–23.0 | 23.9–34.2 | 18.3–29.3 | 19.3–24.6 | 16.0–20.7 | 8.0–10.6 | ||
| Mean waist:hip | 0.87 | 0.90 | 0.91 | 0.93 | 0.02 (p < 0.0001) | 0.89 | 0.93 | 0.90 |
| 0.86–0.88 | 0.89–0.90 | 0.91–0.92 | 0.92–0.93 | 0.89–0.90 | 0.90–0.96 | 0.90–0.91 | ||
| High§ waist:hip% | 28.3 | 46.0 | 64.9 | 70.1 | 1.88 (p < 0.0001) | 47.0 | 62.0 | 50.1 |
| 23.1–33.5 | 40.0–51.9 | 59.5–70.3 | 64.2–76.0 | 43.8–50.1 | 58.9–65.1 | 47.8–52.5 | ||
| Mean SBP mmHg | 125 | 129 | 135 | 143 | 5.91 (p < 0.0001) | 131.4 | 132 | 127 |
| 123–126 | 127–130 | 133–137 | 139–146 | 130–132 | 131–133 | 127–128 | ||
| Mean DBP mmHg | 79.2 | 85.2 | 87.3 | 87.0 | 2.67 (p < 0.0001) | 83.9 | 81.0 | 73.5 |
| 77.9–80.5 | 83.9–86.4 | 86.0–88.6 | 85.4–88.6 | 81.5–82.9 | 80.2–81.7 | 72.9–74.0 | ||
| HT (%)¶ | 23.2 | 34.9 | 47.3 | 55.4 | 1.61 (p < 0.0001) | 37.2 | 36.6 | 19.1 |
| 18.3–28.1 | 29.3–40.6 | 41.7–53.0 | 49.0–61.8 | 34.2–40.3 | 33.3–40.0 | 17.4–20.9 | ||
| Mean FBG mmol/L | 5.3 | 5.6 | 6.5 | 7.0 | 0.60 (p < 0.0001) | 5.8 | 6.4 | 6.2 |
| 5.1–5.5 | 5.4–5.8 | 6.2–6.8 | 6.6–7.3 | 5.7–5.9 | 6.1–6.8 | 6.1–6.4 | ||
| Diabetes % ** | 6.3 | 11.6 | 27.6 | 35.6 | 2.05 (p < 0.0001) | 15.1 | 13.8 | 16.3 |
| 3.5–9.1 | 7.7–15.4 | 22.4–32.7 | 29.5–41.8 | 13.0–17.2 | 11.4–16.2 | 13.8–18.9 | ||
| Mean chol mmol/L | 4.6 | 5.2 | 5.3 | 5.3 | 0.22 (p < 0.0001) | 5.0 | – | 5.4 |
| 4.5–4.8 | 5.0–5.3 | 5.2–5.5 | 5.1–5.5 | 4.9–5.1 | 5.3–5.5 | |||
| High chol % †† | 9.5 | 18.4 | 24.5 | 22.1 | 1.37 (p < 0.0001) | 17.5 | – | – |
| 6.1–12.9 | 13.7–23.0 | 19.5–29.4 | 16.7–27.4 | 15.1–19.8 | ||||
Fiji data from WHO STEPS surveys 2002 [Fiji MoH, Fiji NCD STEPS Survey 2002 unit record data supplied 2014, unpublished] and 2011 [Fiji MoH, Fiji NCD STEPS Survey 2011 unit record data supplied 2014, unpublished]. Prevalence or mean with 95 % confidence intervals. Statistically significant linear trend p < 0.05 are in bold
BMI body mass index, BP blood pressure, SBP systolic BP, DBP diastolic BP, HT hypertension, FBG fasting plasma glucose, chol total plasma cholesterol
‡‡Linear trend represents average change in odds ratio between age groups for prevalence estimates and average change in measurement between age groups for mean estimates. ║Waist circumference >102 cm for males. § Waist to hip ratio ≥0.9 for males
Std *Standardised for age and ethnicity to Fiji 2007 census population [4, Fiji Islands Bureau of Statistics. Fiji Census 2007: Population table by sex, age, ethnicity, urban/rural: supplied 2014, unpublished]; ‡Standardised for age, ethnicity and rural/urban locality to Fiji 2007 census population. †Standardised for age, ethnicity and rural/urban locality to Fiji 1996 census population [15]; ¶ Systolic BP ≥ 140 mmHg and/or diastolic BP ≥ 90 mmHg and/or on medication for HT
** Viseisei 2012 and Fiji STEPS 2011 [Fiji MoH, Fiji NCD STEPS Survey 2011 unit record data supplied 2014, unpublished]: FPG ≥7.0 mmol/L and/or on medication for diabetes; Fiji STEPS 2002 [Fiji MoH, Fiji NCD STEPS Survey 2002 unit record data supplied 2014, unpublished]: FBG ≥6.1 mmol/L and/or on medication for diabetes. ††Total cholesterol level ≥5.0 mmol/L and/or on medication for high cholesterol