Table 2.
Comparison of Vaginal pH, Immune Mediators, and Antimicrobial Activity in Cervicovaginal Lavage Specimens Between Postcoital and Baseline Visits
| Variable | Baseline Value | 2–6 h, No Condom |
10–14 h, No Condom |
2–6 h, Condom |
10–14 h, Condom |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Value | P Valuea | Value | P Valuea | Value | P Valuea | Value | P Valuea | ||
| E. coli, % inhibition | 63 (−34 to 99) | 5 (−51 to 100) | .02 | 5.5 (−19 to 92) | .02 | 27 (−37 to 96) | .006 | 39 (−49 to 99) | |
| HIV, % inhibition | 27 (−249 to 100) | 25 (−125 to 93) | 34 (−123 to 98) | 24.5 (−90 to 99) | −5 (−103 to 90) | .09 | |||
| HSV, % inhibition | 34 (−38 to 59) | 17 (−25 to 76) | 21 (−111 to 71) | 24 (−4 to 69) | 32 (−7 to 52) | ||||
| Vaginal pH | 4.6 (4.2–6.0) | 5.5 (4.4–7.5) | .002 | 4.9 (4.3–6.8) | .04 | 4.6 (4.2–6.5) | 4.5 (4.2–6.1) | ||
| Protein level, µg/mL | 2.7 ± 0.2 | 2.7 ± 0.3 | 2.7 ± 0.4 | 2.6 ± 0.2 | 2.5 ± 0.3 | .03 | |||
| HBD-1 level, pg/mL | 3.5 ± 0.5 | 3.6 ± 0.5 | 3.8 ± 0.4 | .08 | 3.5 ± 0.4 | 3.5 ± 0.4 | |||
| HBD-2 level, pg/mL | 8.3 ± 1.7 | 7.5 ± 1.4 | .04 | 8.1 ± 1.7 | .19 | 8.2 ± 1.6 | 8.0 ± 1.8 | .11 | |
| HBD-3 level, pg/mL | 3.3 ± 0.5 | 2.8 ± 0.5 | .003 | 3.1 ± 0.8 | .15 | 3.2 ± 0.6 | 3.1 ± 0.8 | .18 | |
| HNP-1–3 level, pg/mL | 5.2 ± 0.8 | 5.0 ± 0.9 | 5.2 ± 0.9 | 5.2 ± 0.7 | 5.0 ± 0.8 | ||||
| SLPI level, pg/mL | 5.2 ± 0.7 | 5.5 ± 0.6 | .11 | 5.3 ± 1.3 | 5.3 ± 0.5 | 5.3 ± 0.8 | |||
| MIP-3α level, pg/mL | 1.7 ± 0.9 | 1.9 ± 1.1 | 1.8 ± 1.1 | 1.6 ± 0.9 | 1.6 ± 0.9 | .18 | |||
| TGF-β1 level, pg/mL | 1.4 ± 0.3 | 2.1 ± 1.1 | .02 | 1.8 ± 0.8 | .03 | 1.5 ± 0.5 | 1.4 ± 0.4 | ||
| GM-CSF level, pg/mL | UD | UD | UD | UD | UD | ||||
| IFN-γ level, pg/mL | 0.2 ± 0.5 | 0.3 ± 0.5 | 0.2 ± 0.4 | 0.1 ± 0.4 | 0.2 ± 0.5 | ||||
| IL-17 level, pg/mL | 0.1 ± 0.4 | 0.1 ± 0.4 | 0.2 ± 0.3 | 0.1 ± 0.4 | 0.2 ± 0.7 | ||||
| IL-1α level, pg/mL | 2.2 ± 0.5 | 2.2 ± 0.4 | 2.2 ± 0.5 | 2.2 ± 0.6 | 2.1 ± 0.4 | ||||
| IL-1β level, pg/mL | 0.8 ± 1.1 | 0.6 ± 1.0 | .11 | 0.9 ± 0.8 | 0.9 ± 1.0 | 0.7 ± 1.1 | |||
| IL-6 level, pg/mL | 1.0 ± 0.6 | 1.2 ± 0.9 | 1.4 ± 0.7 | .08 | 1.1 ± 0.6 | 0.9 ± 0.7 | |||
| IL-8 level, pg/mL | 2.9 ± 0.7 | 2.6 ± 0.8 | .003 | 2.9 ± 0.7 | 2.8 ± 0.7 | 2.7 ± 0.7 | .11 | ||
| MCP-1 level, pg/mL | 1.9 ± 0.8 | 2.1 ± 0.6 | .13 | 2.1 ± 0.7 | .17 | 1.9 ± 0.7 | 1.9 ± 0.8 | ||
| MIP-1α level, pg/mL | 1.0 ± 0.7 | 1.0 ± 0.7 | 0.9 ± 0.6 | 1.0 ± 0.6 | 1.0 ± 0.7 | ||||
| MIP-1β level, pg/mL | 0.9 ± 0.5 | 1.1 ± 0.7 | 1.2 ± 0.4 | .10 | 1.0 ± 0.5 | .06 | 0.9 ± 0.8 | ||
| RANTES level, pg/mL | 0.6 ± 0.4 | 0.8 ± 0.8 | .11 | 0.7 ± 0.6 | 0.5 ± 0.3 | 0.6 ± 0.6 | |||
| TNF-α level, pg/mL | 0 ± 0.3 | 0.2 ± 0.5 | 0.1 ± 0.4 | 0 ± 0.2 | 0.2 ± 0.4 | .16 | |||
Data are median value (range) or mean value ± SD. All values were log transformed, except those for antimicrobial activity and vaginal pH.
Abbreviations: E. coli, Escherichia coli; GM-CSF, granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor; HBD, human beta defensin; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; HNP-1–3, human neutrophil peptides 1–3; HSV, herpes simplex virus; IFN-γ, interferon γ; IL, interleukin; MCP-1, monocyte chemotactic protein 1; MIP, macrophage inflammatory protein; RANTES, regulated on activation, normal T-cell expressed; SLPI, secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor; TGF-β1, transforming growth factor β1; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor α; UD, undetectable.
a Data denote comparisons with baseline by paired t tests or Wilcoxon signed rank tests (for nonparametric data). P values of <.2 are specified.