Table 1.
Household and participant characteristics (median [interquartile range], median {range}, number (%)).
| Age groups (years)
|
|||
|---|---|---|---|
| 1–7 | 8–17 | Adults ≥ 18 | |
| Number of households | 102 | 43 | 163 |
| Participant characteristics | |||
| Number of participants | 135 | 55 | 183 |
| Age (years) | 4 [3–5] | 11 [9–13] | 40 [34–51] |
| Female participants | 63 (47%) | 25 (45%) | 142 (78%) |
| Urinary creatinine (mg/dL) | 80.6 [53.4–109.5] | 130.0 [97.1–179.0] | 114.4 [79.9–159] |
| Participants with morning first void urine samples | 121 (90%) | 51 (93%) | 167 (91%) |
| Untreated water usage | |||
| Untreated water As concentration (μg/L) | 40.0 [18–80] | 62.0 [32–120] | 43.0 [20–85] |
| Participants reporting untreated water use | |||
| Drinking and beverages | 10 (7.4%) | 4 (7.3%) | 11 (6.0%) |
| Use in food preparation | 31 (23%) | 13 (24%) | 35 (19%) |
| Volume untreated water consumed | |||
| Drinking and beverages (L)a,b | 0 {0–0.59} | 0 {0–1.5} | 0 {0–1.6} |
| From use in food preparation (L)a,b | 0 {0–0.23} | 0 {0–0.27} | 0 {0–0.36} |
| Treated water usage | |||
| Treated water As concentration (μg/L) | <LOD [<LOD-0.9] | <LOD [<LOD-0.9] | <LOD [<LOD-0.7] |
| Treated water source | |||
| Bottled water | 89 (66%) | 37 (67%) | 118 (64%) |
| Treatment system | 35 (26%) | 15 (27%) | 54 (30%) |
| Other | 11 (8%) | 3 (5%) | 11 (6%) |
| Participants reporting treated water use | |||
| Drinking and beverages | 95 (70%) | 38 (69%) | 171 (93%) |
| Use in food preparation | 52 (39%) | 23 (42%) | 86 (47%) |
| Volume treated water consumed | |||
| Drinking and beverages (L)a | 0.24 [0–0.71] | 0.47 [0–1.2] | 2.1 [1.1–3.0] |
| From use in food preparation (L)a | 0 [0–0.09] | 0 [0–0.14] | 0 [0–0.18] |
| Dietary information | |||
| Participants reporting consuming apple juice | 39 (29%) | 6 (11%) | 7 (4%) |
| Volume apple juice consumed (L)a,b | 0 {0–1.7} | 0 {0–1.7} | 0 {0–1.4} |
| Participants reporting consuming rice | 39 (29%) | 12 (22%) | 67 (37%) |
| Amount rice consumed (dry rice g)a,b | 0 {0–142.4} | 0 {0–85.8} | 0 {0–386.1} |
| Participants reporting chicken meal consumptionc | 87 (64%) | 39 (71%) | 128 (70%) |
| Participants reporting seafood meal consumptiond | |||
| During 3-day dietary survey | 2 (1.5%) | 1 (1.8%) | 4 (2.2%) |
| 1 week before survey | 35 (26%) | 17 (31%) | 86 (47%) |
| 2 weeks before survey | 62 (46%) | 23 (42%) | 128 (70%) |
| Bathing behavior | |||
| Participants reporting taking baths | 114 (84%) | 13 (24%) | 34 (19%) |
| Time spent in bath (h)a,b | 0.5 {0–1.75} | 0 {0–1.5} | 0 {0–1.2} |
| Participants reporting taking showers | 38 (28%) | 46 (84%) | 170 (93%) |
| Time spent in shower (h)a | 0 [0–0.08] | 0.33 [0.15–0.67] | 0.4 [0.23–0.55] |
a
All water, apple juice, and rice consumption variables and time spent bathing are 3-day totals from the diet and bathing diary.
b
Where one or more age groups’ median and interquartile range were all equal to 0, the median and range are presented.
c
Chicken meal consumption indicates participants that consumed any chicken or meals with chicken during the 3-day diary period.
d
Seafood meal consumption includes individuals that reported consuming a seafood meal in their 3-day diet diary and data from the household survey where participants indicated whether they ate seafood in the previous 1 or 2 weeks.