Warm-activated dynorphin neurons in PBdL project to the preoptic area. A: after cholera toxin subunit B (CTb) injection into the medial preoptic area (MPO), many PBdL neurons are retrogradely labeled (white). B: 36°C warm exposure produces abundant c-Fos (red) in Pdyn-GFP+ and intermingled neurons in PBdL. C: CTb (blue) labels many Pdyn-GFP+ neurons projecting to the preoptic area. D: many PBdL neurons are triple-labeled with CTb, Pdyn-GFP, and c-Fos, indicating that they are dynorphinergic, warm-activated, and project to the preoptic area. Arrows indicate triple-labeled neurons. E: CTb injection site involved both the MPO and the median preoptic nucleus (MnPO). Abbreviations: ac, anterior commissure; oc, optic chiasm.