Figure 3.

Increased wakefulness induced by optogenetic stimulation of BF cholinergic neurons has a similar spectral profile to spontaneous wakefulness. a, The total amount of wakefulness increased during the stimulation period when BF cholinergic neurons were stimulated at 5, 8, or 10 Hz; but not at 2 Hz. The largest effect on wake was seen at 8 Hz 10 s. This frequency and duration were used for all further experiments (n = 5). *p < 0.05 (paired t test). Data are mean ± SEM. b, During the 2 h stimulation period on the baseline (No Stim) day and Stim day, power spectra of wakefulness periods were not significantly different, indicating that induced wakefulness was not different from spontaneous wakefulness (n = 6; 0.25 Hz bins). EEG power expressed as percent of total power (0.5–20 Hz) during the same experiment day for each animal. p > 0.05 (two-way repeated-measures ANOVA).