Table 3.

Risk Factors Assessed in Articles of Group A.

Risk factor groups	Risk factor	No. of studies		Angthong et al8		Baudoin et al9		Berry et al10		Chapurlat et al11		Holt et al12	Lönnroos et al13		Mitani et al14	Omsland et al15		Ryg et al1	Wolinsky and Fitzgerald16		Yamanashi et al17
Gender		7				x	x	x	x				x	x	x	x	x	x	x
Age		5						x	x	x			x	x	x				x
Age group	Age group	4	50-74 yrs									x
			<65 yrs
			65-74 yrs															x
			75-84 yrs	x								x						x
			≥85 yrs	x								x						x
			50-79 yrs			x	x											x
			≥80 yrs			x	x
			55-74 yrs	x
Place of living	Institutionalization	3	Nursing home residence/institution			x	x	x					x	x
	Rural residence	1	Rural residence																x
	Southern residence	1	Southern residence																x
	Living alone	2	Living alone															x	x
Functional status and ambulation		3	On feet <4 h/d							x
			Use arms to stand							x
			Walking speed (m/s) lowest vs highest quartile							x
			Use of walking aids							x
			Difficulties standing up/walking up stairs							x
			Functional status high vs moderate					x	x
			Functional status low vs moderate					x	x
			Difficulties: walking 1/4 miles																x
			Walking up 10 steps																x
			Standing for 2 hours																x
			Sitting for 2 hours																x
			Stooping, crouching, kneeling																x
			Reaching over head																x
			Shaking hands																x
			Using fingers to grasp																x
			Carrying 25 pounds																x
Fracture type		1	Cervical										x	x
			Trochanteric										x	x
			Subtrochanteric										x	x
Comorbidities	General health	4	Number of comorbidities
			Charlson index/0															x
			1-2															x
			3-4															x
			≥5										x	x				x
			Health in last 12 months, poor							x
			Poor perceived health status																x	x
			Hospitalized in the year before baseline																x
	Vision	4	Visual problems																x
			Visual acuity							x
			Cataract (self-report)							x											x	x
			Eye disease	x	x
	Hearing	1	Problems																x
	Hyperthyroidism	1								x
	Stroke	4						x		x									x		x	x
	Parkinson	1																			x	x
	Depth perception	1								x	x
	Dementia	3						x							x						x	x
	Neurological disease	1		x	x
	Dizziness	1																	x	x
	Syncope	1	Fainted in the last 12 months							x
	Arthritis	3	Osteoarthritis (self-report)							x									x
			RA																		x	x
	Osteoporosis	2	Osteoporosis																x
			Singh index grade 1-3	x	x
	Respiratory disease	2	Respiratory disease												x
			COPD																		x	x
	Hypertension	1																			x	x
	Diabetes mellitus	2																	x		x	x
	Ischemic Heart Dis.	1																			x	x
	Gynaecological disease	1																			x	x
	Alcoholism	1																x
Medications	Calcium	1	Ever taken tums regularly							x
			Ever taken other Ca supplements							x
			Calcium intake from food per week							x
	Estrogen	1	Currently systemic estrogen							x	x
			Ever taken oral estrogen							x	x
	Long-acting benzodiazepines	1	Currently							x
	Vitamin D	1								x
	Alcohol	1	Alcohol (no drinks/week)							x
			Drank alcohol in past 12 months							x
	Caffeine	1	Daily caffeine (g)							x
	Smoking	1	Smoking (cigarette packs/yr)							x
	Thyroid hormone	1								x
Intervention	Walking for exercise	1								x	x
BMD	BMD calcaneal	1								x	x
	BMD total hip	1								x	x
Body height	Body height	1	Height							x
			Height at age 25 yrs (cm)							x
Body weight	Body weight	2	Kg							x
			Gain since age 25 yrs							x	x
			kg at age 25 yrs							x
			4-yr weight change					x
BMI	BMI	3	/unit					x	x				x	x					x
Falls	Falls	2	Prior falls					x											x
Previous fractures	Previous fractures	2	Prior fracture							x
			Prevalent vertebral fracture at baseline							x
Others	Pulse rate	1	Pulse rate lying down (beats/min)							x
	Education	2								x									x
	Mother’s history of HFs	1								x
	Black race	1																	x
	Kin social support	1	Kin social supports, nonkin social supports																x x
	Income	1																x
Combinations	Place of living + ambulation	1	Lived at home + unaccompanied indoors walking									x
			Living at home + walking with aids or accompanied									x
			Nursing home + unaccompanied indoors walking									x
			Nursing home + walking with aids or accompanied									x
	Women vs men + time after first HF	1	3 months														x
			6 months														x
			1 yr														x
			2 yrs														x
			3 yrs														x
			4 yrs														x
			5 yrs														x
			10 yrs														x
	Women vs men + age group	1	50-59														x
			60-69														x
			70-79														x
			80-89														x
Model				u	m				m	u	m		b	m
crude/adjusted rate ratio						c	a	a	a							a	a		c	a	c	a
Association measure				OR	OR	CRR	ARR	HR	HR	RR		OR			HR	HR	HR	HR	CRR	HR	HR	HR
Number of parameters assessed				4	3	3	3	9	4	26	6	2	6	6	4	1	3	7	19	2	10	10

Abbreviations: a, adjusted; ARR, absolute risk reduction; b, bivariate; BMD, bone mass density; BMI, body mass index; c, crude; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CRR, crude rate ratio; m, multivariate; HF, hip fracture; HR, hazard ratio; OR, odds ratio; RA, rheumatoid arthritis; RR, relative risk; u, univariate; yr, year.