Table 2.

Plant-derived natural products in clinical trials^a.

Generic name and chemical structure	Plant species (literature reference)	Number of recruiting clinical trialsb: indications (potential mechanism of action)
β-Lapachone	Haplophragma adenophyllum (Wall. ex G. Don) Dop (Joshi et al., 1979)	1 trial: Solid tumors (E2F1 pathway activator)
Curcumin	Curcuma longa L. (Turmeric) (Janaki and Bose, 1967)	26 trials: Cognitive impairment, different types of cancer, familial adenomatous polyposis, schizophrenia, cognition, psychosis, prostate cancer, radiation therapy, acute kidney injury, abdominal aortic aneurysm, inflammation, vascular aging, bipolar disorder, irritable bowel syndrome, neuropathic pain, depression, somatic neuropathy, autonomic dysfunction, Alzheimer's disease, plaque psoriasis, fibromyalgia, cardiovascular disease (NF-κB inhibition)
Epigallocatechin-3-O-gallate	Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze (Green tea) (Kada et al., 1985)	14 trials: Epstein-Barr virus reactivation in remission patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma, multiple system atrophy, Alzheimer's disease, cardiac amyloid light-chain amyloidosis, Duchenne muscular dystrophy, cystic fibrosis, diabetic nephropathy, hypertension, fragile X syndrome, different types of cancer, obesity, influenza infection (cell growth arrest and apoptosis induction)
Genistein	Genista tinctoria L. (Perkin and Newbury, 1899)	5 trials: Colon cancer, rectal cancer, colorectal cancer, Alzheimer's disease, non-small cell lung cancer, adenocarcinoma, osteopenia, osteoporosis (protein-tyrosine kinase inhibitor, antioxidant)
Gossypol	Gossypium hirsutum L. (Heinstein and El-Shagi, 1981)	2 trials: B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia, refractory chronic lymphocytic leukemia, stage III chronic lymphocytic leukemia, stage IV chronic lymphocytic leukemia, non-small cell lung cancer (Bcl-2 inhibitor)
Picropodophyllotoxin	Podophyllum hexandrum Royle, replaced by Sinopodophyllum hexandrum (Royle) T.S. Ying (Jackson and Dewick, 1984)	1 trial: Glioblastoma, gliosarcoma, anaplastic astrocytoma, anaplastic oligodendroglioma, anaplastic oligoastrocytoma, anaplastic ependymoma (tubulin binding/IGF-1R Inhibitor)
Quercetin	Allium cepa L. (Bilyk et al., 1984)	9 trials: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, Fanconi anemia, different types of prostate cancer, diabetes mellitus, obesity, diastolic heart failure, hypertensive heart disease, heart failure with preserved ejection fraction, hypertension, oxidative stress, Alzheimer's disease, pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, plaque psoriasis (NF-κB inhibition)
Resveratrol	Vitis vinifera L. (Langcake and Pryce, 1976)	22 trials: Pre-diabetes, vascular system injuries, lipid metabolism disorders (including non-alcoholic fatty liver disease), endothelial dysfunction, gestational diabetes, cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes mellitus, inflammation, insulin resistance, disorders of bone density and structure, metabolic syndrome, coronary artery disease, obesity, memory impairment, mild cognitive impairment, diastolic heart failure, hypertensive heart disease, heart failure with preserved ejection fraction, hypertension, oxidative stress, polycystic ovary syndrome, Alzheimer's disease (NF-κB inhibition)

Notes:

^aResources: (Butler, 2005, 2008; Butler et al., 2014; Fürst and Zündorf, 2014; Newman and Cragg, 2012), www.clinicaltrials.gov, and www.drugs.com.

^bDetermined from www.clinicaltrials.gov on 22nd of October, 2014, including trials in which the respective natural product is applied alone or as a mixture with other constituents, excluding studies with unknown status.