Fos labeling of HA neurons in the TMN. (a) Boxes delineate the TMN regions scored; 1, 2, and 3 correspond to the dTMN, vTMN, and cTMN, respectively. (b–d) Fos-positive nuclei are small black dots and HA-expressing neurons have brown cytoplasmic reaction products. Blue arrows indicate examples of co-labeled neurons. Scale bar represents 50 μM. Representative image of HA neurons and Fos in a sleep-deprived rat treated with (b) VEH, (c) ALM, or (d) ZOL. (e) Combined analysis of all scored HA neurons throughout the HA field, (f) in the dTMN, (g) vTMN, and (h) cTMN. Numbers in bars indicate N per group. *p<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001, and ****p<0.0001 compared with the indicated treatment group.