Table 1.
Patients’ characteristics with bacteremia due to Moraxella catarrhalis, Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae
| M. catarrhalis | S. pneumoniae | H. influenzae | p-value* | p-value** | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (n = 8) | (n = 110) | (n = 22) | |||
| Age (months, mean ± SD) | 16 ± 12 | 35 ± 32 | 25 ± 33 | - | - |
| Gender (female, %) | 6 (75 %) | 51 (46 %) | 6 (27 %) | 0.153 | 0.188 |
| Body weight (kg) | |||||
| mean ± SD | 8.31 ± 2.80 | 12.49 ± 6.15 | 10.20 ± 3.10 | 0.016a | 0.188 |
| IQR | 7.45-9.25 | 8.70-13.60 | 8.30-10.88 | ||
| Vaccination | |||||
| PCV7 | |||||
| YES (n, %) | 6 (75 %) | 25 (23 %) | 1 (5 %) | 0.004a | <0.001a |
| PCV13 | |||||
| YES (n, %) | 0 (0 %) | 1 (1 %) | 0 (0 %) | N/A | N/A |
| Hib vaccine | |||||
| YES (n, %) | 5 (63 %) | 32 (29 %) | 2 (9 %) | 0.106 | 0.007a |
| Underlying diseases | |||||
| YES (n, %) | 7 (88 %) | 39 (35 %) | 9 (41 %) | 0.005a | 0.039a |
| Immunodeficiency | |||||
| YES (n, %) | 1 (13 %) | 14 (13 %) | 1 (5 %) | 1.000 | 0.469 |
| Immunosuppressants | |||||
| YES (n, %) | 2 (25 %) | 7 (6 %) | 0 (0 %) | 0.114 | 0.064 |
| Devices | |||||
| YES (n, %) | 6 (75 %) | 18 (16 %) | 0 (0 %) | 0.001a | <0.001a |
| Trans-nasal devices | |||||
| YES (n, %) | 5 (63 %) | 7 (6 %) | 0 (0 %) | <0.001a | <0.001a |
| History of previous intubation | |||||
| YES (n, %) | 5 (63 %) | 32 (29 %) | 4 (18 %) | 0.106 | 0.032a |
| Contact with sick people | |||||
| YES (n, %) | 2 (25 %) | 45 (41 %) | 10 (45 %) | 0.472 | 0.419 |
| Pre-existing antibiotics | |||||
| YES (n, %) | 0 (0 %) | 38 (38 %) | 10 (45 %) | 0.049a | 0.029a |
| Hospital acquired infection | |||||
| YES (n, %) | 6 (75 %) | 18 (16 %) | 1 (5 %) | 0.001a | <0.001a |
| Symptoms | |||||
| Rhinorrhea (n, %) | 2 (25 %) | 53 (48 %) | 3 (14 %) | 0.281 | 0.589 |
| Cough (n, %) | 5 (63 %) | 44 (40 %) | 5 (23 %) | 0.274 | 0.078 |
| Convulsion (n, %) | 1 (13 %) | 31 (28 %) | 8 (36 %) | 0.445 | 0.374 |
| Vomiting (n, %) | 2 (25 %) | 14 (13 %) | 1 (5 %) | 0.296 | 0.166 |
| Diarrhea (n, %) | 1 (13 %) | 6 (5 %) | 2 (9 %) | 0.350 | 1.000 |
| Body temperature | |||||
| Tmax (°C, mean) | 38.9 | 39.3 | 39.0 | 0.176 | 0.557 |
| IQR | 38.6–39.2 | 38.7–40.0 | 38.5–39.8 | ||
| Focus of infection | |||||
| Occult bacteremia | 0 (0 %) | 40 (36 %) | 2 (10 %) | 0.050 | 1.000 |
| Pneumonia | 4 (50 %) | 19 (17 %) | 5 (22 %) | 0.046 | 0.195 |
| Meningitis | 0 (0 %) | 4 (4 %) | 8 (36 %) | 1.000 | 0.071 |
| Otitis media/Sinusitis | 0 (0 %) | 13 (12 %) | 1 (5 %) | 0.596 | 1.000 |
| Others | 3b(38 %) | 10c(9 %) | 5d(22 %) | 0.048 | 0.643 |
| Unknown | 1 (12 %) | 24 (22 %) | 1 (5 %) | 1.000 | 0.469 |
| Empiric antibiotic therapye | |||||
| Aminopenicillinsf | 0 (0 %) | 19 (17 %) | 0 (0 %) | 0.351 | N/A |
| Beta-lactam/Beta-lactamase inhibitor combinationsg | 3 (38 %) | 8 (7 %) | 1 (5 %) | 0.026 | 0.048 |
| Second generation cephalosporinsh | 1 (12 %) | 2 (2 %) | 0 (0 %) | 0.191 | 0.267 |
| Third generation cephalosporinsi | 3 (38 %) | 71 (65 %) | 17 (77 %) | 0.147 | 0.078 |
| Othersj | 1 (12 %) | 17 (15 %) | 8 (36 %) | 1.000 | 0.374 |
| No treatment | 0 (0 %) | 3 (3 %) | 2 (9 %) | 1.000 | 1.000 |
| Initiation with combination therapy | 0 (0 %) | 10 (9 %) | 6 (27 %) | 1.000 | 0.155 |
| Duration of fever after treatment (days, mean ± SD) | 2.63 ± 0.92 | 1.86 ± 1.00 | 3.77 ± 3.61 | 0.012a | 0.599 |
| IQR | 2–3 | 1–2 | 2–4.75 | ||
| WBC (/μL, mean ± SD) | 14,774 ± 13,750 | 19,706 ± 7862 | 17,805 ± 10,173 | ||
| IQR | 9395–12,158 | 14,548–24,318 | 9468–22,988 | 0.011a | 0.277 |
| ANC (/μL, mean ± SD) | 11,395 ± 13,884 | 14,690 ± 7569 | 12,057 ± 7662 | ||
| IQR | 5220–9049 | 8984–19,408 | 6964–15,575 | 0.025a | 0.237 |
| CRP (mg/dL, mean ± SD) | 1.86 ± 1.47 | 5.65 ± 6.68 | 8.09 ± 8.60 | ||
| IQR | 1.00–2.68 | 1.00–8.03 | 1.30–15.08 | 0.114 | 0.091 |
| Hospitalization | |||||
| YES (n, %) | 7 (88 %) | 84 (76 %) | 14 (64 %) | 0.680 | 0.374 |
| ICU admission | |||||
| YES (n, %) | 2 (25 %) | 9 (8 %) | 1 (5 %) | 0.162 | 0.166 |
*p-value for S. pneumoniae, compared to M. catarrhalis, **p-value for H. influenzae, compared to M. catarrhalis
aindicates significant (p < 0.05)
binclude bronchitis (n = 3)
cinclude pyothorax (n = 2), spontaneous bacterial nephritis (n = 2), periorbital cellulitis (n = 2), arthritis (n = 1), mastoiditis (n = 1), infective endocarditis (n = 1), and infectious pericarditis (n = 1)
dinclude periarthritis (n = 1), urosepsis (n = 1), buccal cellulitis (n = 1), osteomyelitis (n = 1), and periorbital cellulitis (n = 1)
eAntimicrobial combination therapy was empirically initiated in a part of patients. (10 in S.pneumoniae group and 6 in H.influenzae, group)
finclude ampicillin and amoxicillin
ginclude ampicillin/sulbactam, amoxicillin/clavulanate, piperacillin/tazobactam, and cefoperazone/sulbactam
hinclude cefotiam and cefaclor
iinclude cefotaxime, ceftriaxone, and cefditoren pivoxil
jinclude piperacillin, cefazolin, cefepime, clindamycin, vancomycin, meropenem, panipenem/betamipron, amikacin
Abbreviations: interquartile range, IQR; 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine, PCV7; 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine, PCV13; Haemophilus influenzae type b, Hib; white blood cell count, WBC; absolute neutrophil count, ANC; C-reactive protein, CRP; intensive care unit, ICU; not available, N/A