. 2016 Mar;29(2):65–71. doi: 10.1177/0891988715606229

Table 2.

Percentage of Participants Showing Individual NPS in the Current Study, the Previous Study of PCA, and 14 Previous Studies Using the NPI in AD.^a

		Current study		Isella et al (2014)			Suarez- Gonzalez et al, (2014)	Van Vliet et al, (2012)³³		Toyota et al, (2007)³⁴		Zhang et al, (2012)³⁵	D’Onofrio et al, (2012)³⁶	Karttunen et al, (2011)³⁷			Yener et al, (2009)³⁸			Del Prete et al, (2009)³⁹	Hsieh et al, (2009)⁴⁰	Caputo et al, (2008)⁴¹	Fuh et al, (2005)⁴²			Srikanth et al, (2005)⁴³	Senanarong et al, (2005)⁴⁴	Mean% showing NPS	Range% showing NPS	Rank order% showing NPS	Mean % (selected studies^b)	Range % (selected studies^b)
Diagnosis		PCA	AD	PCA		AD	AD	AD	AD	AD	AD	AD	AD	AD	AD	AD	AD	AD	AD	AD	AD	AD	AD	AD	AD	AD	AD
N		28	34	20		20	85	79	68	46	261	46	166	240	81	159	78	94	45	53	25	690	188	107	25	44	73
MMSE	Mean	13	14	24		25	16	19	19	17	19	23	14	–	–	–	^c-	^d-	^e-	19	16	14	–	–	–	14	18
MMSE	SD	5	4	3		2	6	7	4	8	6	2	5	–	–	–	–	–	–	4	6	6	–	–	–	5	6
CDR		–	–	-		–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	0.5	(1-2)	–	–	–	–	–	–	1	2	3	–	–
Age	Mean	64	66	70		75	74	61	79	55	75	75	79	75	73	75	73	73	74	74	69	76	75	75	75	67	70
Age	SD	7	7	8		4	7	5	5	5	5	6	6	6	6	6	8	8	9	7	6	7	7	7	7	9	8
^bSelected												^b			^b	^b	^b	^b					^b	^b
Percentage participants showing NPMs
Apathy		42	64		60	55	61	38	39	56	64	87	58	47	49	47	59	54	66	77	88	51	43	55	64	93	45	59	38-93	1	56	43-87
Depression		64	61		45	40	70	16	45	43	39	30	58	37	32	39	42	42	33	79	48	40	46	44	54	75	30	44	16-79	2	39	30-46
Irritability		50	64		35	5	52	24	26	19	24	54	49	34	33	34	27	25	29	68	12	39	38	45	50	77	47	38	12-77	3	36	25-54
Agitation		10	26		25	15	23	21	25	28	44	34	44	29	23	32	28	29	33	62	44	41	28	49	64	68	35	37	21-68	4	31	23-49
Anxiety		42	55		55	15	44	16	26	28	38	32	56	25	28	24	39	39	36	75	28	41	32	43	44	6	42	35	6-75	5	33	24-43
Sleep		10	0		15	0	10	7	16	–	–	19	57	–	–	–	–	–	–	28	96	25	36	47	56	18	38	34	7-96	6	34	19-47
AMB		10	8		15	5	0	25	22	26	43	28	23	18	16	20	22	23	22	40	56	31	–	–	60	20	42	28	0-60	7	21	16-28
Delusions		25	17		–	–	32	7	23	13	50	23	17	22	17	25	27	28	27	11	28	22	19	43	58	9	27	25	7-58	8	26	17-43
Apetite		3	0		20	20		20	25	–	–	6	53	–	–	–	–	–	–	21	4	19	30	40	52	0	27	24	0-53	9	25	6-40
Hallucinations		10	8		–	–	12	2	5	4	22	6	14	15	16	15	22	19	13	13	36	12	13	34	58	2	17	16	2-58	10	17	6-34
Disinhibition		21	14		10	0	12	11	5	4	16	13	0	14	18	12	15	11	9	17	0	9	13	32	32	45	30	15	0-45	11	16	11-32
Euphoria		7	0		5	0	3	2	2	8	7	2	4	5	4	6	11	15	7	9	48	4	5	9	16	6	6	8	2-48	12	7	2-15

Abbreviations: AMB, abnormal motor behavior; PCA, posterior cortical atrophy; AD, Alzheimer disease; SD, standard deviation; MMSE, Mini-Mental State Examination; NPI, Neuropsychiatric Inventory; CDR, clinical dementia rating; NPS, neuropsychiatric symptoms.

^aIn both PCA studies, the 4 most commonly observed NPS were apathy, depression, irritability, and anxiety (highlighted in gray). Across previous AD studies, apathy, depression, and irritability were also the 3 most commonly observed, with agitation marginally more common than anxiety. The percentage of anxiety in the Isella et al¹⁸ AD control group (highlighted in bold), who were significantly older than the corresponding patients with PCA, was unusually low and outside the range (also highlighted in bold) detected for previous studies involving patients with AD of comparable disease severity (estimated from MMSE/CDR score) and age (selected studies marked with^b).

^cMild AD, MMSE (21-26).

^dModerate AD, MMSE (11-20).

^eSevere AD, MMSE ≤ 10.