Table 3.

Crude and covariate-adjusted differences in health expenditures by patient type and spending category

	Total financial health expenditure	Transport	Traditional healers	Self-care	Chemist and private doctors	Time costs (monetized)
	Mean (95% CI) p-value	Mean (95% CI) p-value	Mean (95% CI) p-value	Mean (95% CI) p-value	Mean (95% CI) p-value	Mean (95% CI) p-value
		Crude difference
Pre-ART minus ART	7.1 (−46.2–60.4) 0.747	−32.0 (−54.1–9.8) 0.014	28.9 (12.4–45.3) 0.006	−7.2 (−37.9–23.5) 0.572	23.4 (6.7–40.1) 0.016	−27.9 (−38.8–17.1) 0.001
TB minus ART	−41.5 (−106.8–23.9) 0.164	−12.5 (−35.8–10.8) 0.227	1.2 (−0.7–3.2) 0.158	−22.0 (−58.9–15.0) 0.187	−6.7 (−11.7–1.7) 0.018	−32.4 (−52.5–12.3) 0.009
		Adjusted difference*
Pre-ART minus ART	1.3 (−57.0–59.7) 0.955	−34.0 (−57.0–11.0) 0.013	29.2 (12.2–46.2) 0.007	−13.2 (−46.0–19.7) 0.350	25.9 (10.3–41.6) 0.008	−26.7 (−38.0–15.3) 0.002
TB minus ART	−41.2 (−103.2–20.7) 0.148	−12.6 (−34.7–9.5) 0.203	1.2 (−1.8–4.2) 0.340	−23.8 (−59.2–11.7) 0.145	−4.9 (−9.0–0.8) 0.029	−31.5 (−51.4–11.6) 0.010

^*Controlling for age, sex, head of household employment status and adjusted for clustering at the clinic level. All values are in South African Rand.

CI = confidence interval, ART = antiretroviral treatment, TB = tuberculosis