Table 4.

Factors associated with financial distress due to utilizing healthcare in pre-ART, ART and TB patients

Patient either borrowed money or sold assets to pay for health care	Pre-ART N=200		ART N=294		TB N=295		All patient groups N=789
	aOR	95% CI*	aOR	95% CI*	aOR	95% CI*	aOR	95% CI*
Male sex	2.40	1.14–5.05	1.09	0.63–1.88	1.15	0.54–2.45	1.29	0.92–1.79
Age (in years)	0.99	0.97–1.02	0.98	0.96–1.01	1.01	0.97–1.04	1.00	0.98–1.01
Head of household unemployed	1.97	1.21–3.22	1.49	0.52–4.27	2.31	0.78–6.87	1.86	1.22–2.85
Total monthly costs of utilizing healthcare (per ZAR 100)	1.40	1.19–1.65	1.32	1.18–1.47	1.54	1.25–1.90	1.38	1.26–1.51
Time spent during clinic visit per month (in hours)	1.04	0.92–1.17	1.21	1.05–1.40	1.65	1.22–2.24	1.31	1.17–1.45
Pre-ART		–		–		–	1.10	0.69–1.73
TB		–		–		–	1.92	1.29–2.87

^*Adjusted for clustering at the clinic level. Hosmer-Lemeshow goodness-of-fit test for pre-ART model p=0.46; ART model p=0.35; and TB model p=0.06.

^**Marginal effects of the regression with all patient groups: change in total monthly costs of utilizing healthcare per ZAR 100 = 6.6 percentage points (p-value<0.001, 95% CI 4.9–8.3); change in time spent during clinic visit per month (hours) = 5.5 percentage points (p-value<0.001, 95% CI 3.4–7.6).

CI = confidence interval, aOR = adjusted odds ratio, ZAR = South African Rand, ART = antiretroviral treatment, TB = tuberculosis.