Table 2.
Prevalence of pregnancy outcomes and mean PM2.5 exposures over the entire pregnancy by infant, maternal, and neighborhood characteristics.
| Variable | Preterm birth [n (%)] | Term LBW [n (%)] | SGA [n (%)] | Mean PM2.5 (μg/m3) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sex | ||||
| Male | 101,495 (6.67) | 17,925 (1.26) | 129,525 (8.51) | 8.4 |
| Female | 83,270 (5.77) | 25,640 (1.88) | 117,030 (8.11) | 8.4 |
| Unknown | NRa | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 8.4 |
| Maternal age (years) | ||||
| < 18 | 3,190 (8.08) | 700 (1.93) | 3,850 (9.76) | 7.6 |
| 18–29 | 105,190 (6.13) | 25,810 (1.60) | 149,705 (8.73) | 8.3 |
| 30–39 | 72,125 (6.20) | 16,015 (1.47) | 88,390 (7.60) | 8.6 |
| ≥ 40 | 4,240 (8.72) | 1,035 (2.33) | 4,595 (9.46) | 8.7 |
| Unknown | 20 (11.76) | NR | 15 (8.82) | 8.8 |
| Marital status | ||||
| Single | 53,960 (6.98) | 13,150 (1.83) | 71,900 (9.30) | 8.2 |
| Married | 105,620 (5.70) | 24,685 (1.41) | 143,540 (7.74) | 8.5 |
| Widowed | 190 (8.09) | 40 (1.85) | 220 (9.38) | 8.8 |
| Divorced | 2,505 (7.54) | 575 (1.87) | 3,000 (9.03) | 8.2 |
| Separated | 970 (8.51) | 215 (2.06) | 1,050 (9.21) | 7.0 |
| Unknown | 21,520 (7.37) | 4,900 (1.81) | 26,845 (9.20) | 8.4 |
| Maternal place of birth | ||||
| Canadian born | 136,690 (6.26) | 28,420 (1.39) | 161,465 (7.39) | 8.1 |
| Not Canadian born | 44,920 (6.08) | 14,370 (2.07) | 80,835 (10.95) | 9.4 |
| Unknown | 3,155 (7.26) | 775 (1.92) | 4,255 (9.80) | 10.3 |
| Maternal place of residence | ||||
| Urban | 152,035 (6.24) | 36,930 (1.62) | 208,610 (8.57) | 8.8 |
| Rural | 32,730 (6.15) | 6,635 (1.33) | 37,945 (7.14) | 6.6 |
| Parity | ||||
| 1 | 91,230 (6.91) | 23,765 (1.93) | 139,055 (10.54) | 8.5 |
| 2 | 54,345 (5.26) | 11,870 (1.21) | 66,940 (6.48) | 8.5 |
| ≥ 3 | 38,085 (6.39) | 7,680 (1.38) | 39,195 (6.58) | 8.2 |
| Unknown | 1,105 (6.30) | 250 (1.52) | 1,365 (7.79) | 6.3 |
| Maternal province of residence | ||||
| Newfoundland and Labrador | 2,760 (6.77) | 490 (1.29) | 2,775 (6.81) | 5.0 |
| Prince Edward Island | 640 (5.18) | 140 (1.20) | 840 (6.80) | 5.3 |
| Nova Scotia | 4,705 (6.19) | 1,135 (1.59) | 6,165 (8.12) | 6.1 |
| New Brunswick | 3,850 (6.10) | 795 (1.34) | 4,765 (7.56) | 5.4 |
| Quebec | 42,715 (6.26) | 9,815 (1.54) | 55,825 (8.19) | 9.5 |
| Ontario | 67,715 (6.01) | 18,100 (1.71) | 98,670 (8.76) | 9.6 |
| Manitoba | 8,465 (6.66) | 1,610 (1.36) | 9,740 (7.67) | 6.2 |
| Saskatchewan | 6,320 (6.05) | 1,405 (1.43) | 7,795 (7.46) | 6.2 |
| Alberta | 26,070 (7.05) | 5,505 (1.60) | 32,000 (8.66) | 7.9 |
| British Columbia | 21,465 (5.90) | 4,560 (1.33) | 27,930 (7.68) | 6.5 |
| Yukon | 15 (11.11) | NR | 5 (3.85) | 5.2 |
| NWT | 20 (6.45) | NR | 20 (6.45) | 3.9 |
| Nunavut | 20 (11.11) | 10 (6.25) | 25 (14.29) | 5.9 |
| Unknown | 5 (33.33) | 0 (0.00) | NR | 7.9 |
| Birth year | ||||
| 1999 | 3,125 (6.45) | 710 (1.57) | 4,245 (8.77) | 8.8 |
| 2000 | 19,340 (6.20) | 4,410 (1.51) | 25,375 (8.14) | 9.0 |
| 2001 | 18,995 (5.97) | 4,610 (1.54) | 26,465 (8.33) | 8.9 |
| 2002 | 18,745 (6.00) | 4,580 (1.56) | 26,000 (8.33) | 8.8 |
| 2003 | 17,185 (6.2) | 4,080 (1.57) | 23,135 (8.35) | 9.1 |
| 2004 | 20,305 (6.39) | 4,615 (1.55) | 25,770 (8.12) | 8.5 |
| 2005 | 20,695 (6.30) | 4,820 (1.57) | 27,525 (8.39) | 8.6 |
| 2006 | 21,620 (6.36) | 5,245 (1.65) | 28,905 (8.51) | 8.2 |
| 2007 | 21,740 (6.20) | 5,175 (1.57) | 29,615 (8.46) | 7.5 |
| 2008 | 23,015 (6.35) | 5,320 (1.57) | 29,520 (8.14) | 7.6 |
| 1999–2003 | 77,390 (6.10) | 18,390 (1.54) | 103,220 (8.3) | 8.95 |
| 2004–2008 | 107,375 (6.32) | 25,175 (1.58) | 141,335 (8.32) | 8.05 |
| Season | ||||
| Spring | 46,690 (6.18) | 10,550 (1.49) | 60,355 (8.00) | 8.1 |
| Summer | 45,980 (6.02) | 11,220 (1.56) | 64,170 (8.40) | 8.6 |
| Fall | 47,010 (6.35) | 11,195 (1.61) | 63,140 (8.53) | 8.4 |
| Winter | 45,085 (6.38) | 10,600 (1.60) | 58,895 (8.34) | 8.7 |
| Percent unemployed (age ≥ 15 years) | ||||
| 1st tertile (≤ 4.6%) | 58,785 (5.98) | 13,020 (1.41) | 75,945 (7.72) | 8.4 |
| 2nd tertile (4.61–8.22%) | 60,380 (6.14) | 14,255 (1.54) | 81,180 (8.26) | 8.5 |
| 3rd tertile (> 8.22%) | 64,810 (6.56) | 16,120 (1.75) | 88,535 (8.97) | 8.4 |
| Unknown | 790 (6.55) | 170 (1.51) | 900 (7.47) | 7.9 |
| Percent in lowest income quintile (age ≥ 15 years) | ||||
| 1st tertile (≤ 9.25%) | 57,235 (5.82) | 11,890 (1.28) | 70,080 (7.12) | 8.2 |
| 2nd tertile (9.26–20.18%) | 59,970 (6.10) | 13,970 (1.51) | 80,320 (8.17) | 8.3 |
| 3rd tertile (> 20.18%) | 66,770 (6.76) | 17,530 (1.90) | 95,260 (9.65) | 8.8 |
| Unknown | 790 (6.55) | 175 (1.55) | 895 (7.43) | 7.9 |
| Percent of females completed postsecondary education (age ≥ 25 years) | ||||
| 1st tertile (≤ 20.36%) | 65,585 (6.66) | 15,900 (1.73) | 86,385 (8.78) | 8.1 |
| 2nd tertile (20.37–28.47%) | 61,085 (6.21) | 14,610 (1.58) | 82,850 (8.42) | 8.5 |
| 3rd tertile (> 28.47%) | 57,305 (5.81) | 12,885 (1.39) | 76,425 (7.75) | 8.8 |
| Unknown | 790 (6.55) | 170 (1.51) | 895 (7.43) | 7.9 |
| Percent visible minority | ||||
| 1st tertile (≤ 2.04%) | 60,480 (6.20) | 12,575 (1.37) | 71,415 (7.33) | 7.3 |
| 2nd tertile (2.05–16.13%) | 59,685 (6.08) | 12,745 (1.38) | 74,640 (7.60) | 8.6 |
| 3rd tertile (> 16.13%) | 62,640 (6.39) | 17,825 (1.94) | 98,260 (10.03) | 9.4 |
| Missing | 1,960 (6.75) | 415 (1.53) | 2,240 (7.72) | 7.3 |
| Total | 184,765 (6.23) | 43,560 (1.57) | 246,555 (8.31) | 8.4 |
| NWT, Northwest Territories. aNot reported. In accordance with Statistics Canada disclosure rules, case counts of less than five were suppressed, and all frequencies were randomly rounded to base five. Statistical analyses employed unrounded data. | ||||