Table 5.

Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals for the effect of mono-(3-carboxypropyl) phthalate (MCPP, as a z-score) on early pregnancy loss.

Analysis method	Odds ratio (95% confidence interval)
1. Unadjusted	1.16 (0.82, 1.62)
2. Standardized	0.95 (0.65, 1.39)
3. Covariate-adjusted standardization (CAS)	0.95 (0.65, 1.39)
4. Covariate adjustment (CA)	1.07 (0.72, 1.59)
5. 2-stage model	1.16 (0.82, 1.63)
6. Standardization plus CA	0.95 (0.65, 1.40)
7. CAS plus CA	0.95 (0.65, 1.40)
All models were adjusted for age, BMI, current smoking, alcohol intake, caffeine intake, and education. Creatinine was predicted using age only.