Characteristics of East Liverpool, Ohio, study participants (n = 106)
| Characteristic | Mean ± SD (range) or n (%) |
|---|---|
| Child Measures | |
| Age (years) | 10.2 ± 3.1 (4–17) |
| Child’s sex | |
| Female | 46 (43) |
| Male | 60 (57) |
| Race/ethnicity | |
| Caucasian (non-Hispanic white) | 97 (92) |
| African American | 5 (5) |
| Hispanic | 3 (3) |
| Native American | 1 (1) |
| BMI | 21.6 ± 6.7 (12.7–43) |
| Medical History | |
| Asthma | 39 (37) |
| Allergies | 38 (36) |
| ADD or ADHD | 27 (25) |
| Autism spectrum disorder | 3 (3) |
| Recommended for special education | 24 (23) |
| Biomarkersa | |
| Hair Mn (ng/g), n = 93 | 715 ± 2.6 (101–24,923) |
| Blood Mn (µg/L), n = 76 | 9.9 ± 1.3 (5.9–18.4) |
| Blood Pb (µg/dL), n = 76 | 1.0 ± 1.7 (0.3–3.2) |
| Blood Hg (µg/L), n = 76 | 0.1 ± 2.1 (0.02–0.8) |
| Blood Cd (µg/L), n = 76 | 0.1 ± 1.7 (0.05–1.0) |
| Household Measures | |
| Household income, n = 64 | |
| < $20,000 | 34 (53) |
| $20,000–$40,000 | 17 (27) |
| > $40,000 | 13 (20) |
| Parent Education, n = 62 | |
| 8th grade | 2 (3) |
| High school | 23 (37) |
| Some college | 16 (26) |
| Associate’s Degree | 19 (31) |
| Bachelor’s Degree | 2 (3) |
| Abbreviations: ADD/ADHD, attention deficit disorder/attention deficit hyperactivity disorder; BMI, body mass index; Cd, cadmium; Hg, mercury; Pb, lead. aValues for biomarkers are geometric means. Method detection limits (MDL): hair Mn = 2 ng/g (all samples ≥ MDL); blood Mn = 1.5 µg/L (all samples ≥ MDL); blood Pb = 0.04 µg/dL (74 of 76 samples ≥ MDL); blood Cd = 0.2 µg/L (4 of 76 samples ≥ MDL); blood Hg = 0.2 µg/L (15 of 76 samples ≥ MDL). | |