Skip to main content
Thorax logoLink to Thorax
. 1995 Aug;50(8):894–901. doi: 10.1136/thx.50.8.894

Airway smooth muscle relaxation.

A J Knox 1, A E Tattersfield 1
PMCID: PMC474914  PMID: 7570444

Full text

PDF

Images in this article

Selected References

These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.

  1. Advenier C., Cerrina J., Duroux P., Floch A., Renier A. Effects of five different organic calcium antagonists on guinea-pig isolated trachea. Br J Pharmacol. 1984 Jul;82(3):727–733. doi: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.1984.tb10812.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. Anderson G. P., Lindén A., Rabe K. F. Why are long-acting beta-adrenoceptor agonists long-acting? Eur Respir J. 1994 Mar;7(3):569–578. doi: 10.1183/09031936.94.07030569. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. Araki N., Takagi K. Relaxant effect of pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide on guinea-pig tracheal smooth muscle. Eur J Pharmacol. 1992 May 27;216(1):113–117. doi: 10.1016/0014-2999(92)90217-r. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. Armour C. L., Johnson P. R., Alfredson M. L., Black J. L. Characterization of contractile prostanoid receptors on human airway smooth muscle. Eur J Pharmacol. 1989 Jun 20;165(2-3):215–222. doi: 10.1016/0014-2999(89)90715-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. Ball D. I., Brittain R. T., Coleman R. A., Denyer L. H., Jack D., Johnson M., Lunts L. H., Nials A. T., Sheldrick K. E., Skidmore I. F. Salmeterol, a novel, long-acting beta 2-adrenoceptor agonist: characterization of pharmacological activity in vitro and in vivo. Br J Pharmacol. 1991 Nov;104(3):665–671. doi: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.1991.tb12486.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. Beavo J. A., Reifsnyder D. H. Primary sequence of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase isozymes and the design of selective inhibitors. Trends Pharmacol Sci. 1990 Apr;11(4):150–155. doi: 10.1016/0165-6147(90)90066-H. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. Black J. L., Armour C. L., Johnson P. R., Alouan L. A., Barnes P. J. The action of a potassium channel activator, BRL 38227 (lemakalim), on human airway smooth muscle. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1990 Dec;142(6 Pt 1):1384–1389. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm/142.6_Pt_1.1384. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. Black J. L., Barnes P. J. Potassium channels and airway function: new therapeutic prospects. Thorax. 1990 Mar;45(3):213–218. doi: 10.1136/thx.45.3.213. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. Black J., Armour C., Johnson P., Vincenc K. The calcium dependence of histamine, carbachol and potassium chloride-induced contraction in human airways in vitro. Eur J Pharmacol. 1986 Jun 17;125(2):159–168. doi: 10.1016/0014-2999(86)90023-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. Blaustein M. P. The interrelationship between sodium and calcium fluxes across cell membranes. Rev Physiol Biochem Pharmacol. 1974;70:33–82. doi: 10.1007/BFb0034293. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. Borle A. B. Control, Modulation, and regulation of cell calcium. Rev Physiol Biochem Pharmacol. 1981;90:13–153. doi: 10.1007/BFb0034078. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. Brading A. F., Lategan T. W. Na-Ca exchange in vascular smooth muscle. J Hypertens. 1985 Apr;3(2):109–116. doi: 10.1097/00004872-198504000-00002. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. Buckle D. R., Arch J. R., Bowring N. E., Foster K. A., Taylor J. F., Taylor S. G., Shaw D. J. Relaxant effects of the potassium channel activators BRL 38227 and pinacidil on guinea-pig and human airway smooth muscle, and blockade of their effects by glibenclamide and BRL 31660. Pulm Pharmacol. 1993 Mar;6(1):77–86. doi: 10.1006/pulp.1993.1011. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. Buga G. M., Gold M. E., Wood K. S., Chaudhuri G., Ignarro L. J. Endothelium-derived nitric oxide relaxes nonvascular smooth muscle. Eur J Pharmacol. 1989 Feb 14;161(1):61–72. doi: 10.1016/0014-2999(89)90180-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. Burka J. F. Effects of calcium channel blockers and a calmodulin antagonist on contractions of guinea pig airways. Eur J Pharmacol. 1984 Apr 6;99(4):257–268. doi: 10.1016/0014-2999(84)90132-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. Candenas M. L., Naline E., Puybasset L., Devillier P., Advenier C. Effect of atrial natriuretic peptide and on atriopeptins on the human isolated bronchus. Comparison with the reactivity of the guinea-pig isolated trachea. Pulm Pharmacol. 1991;4(2):120–125. doi: 10.1016/0952-0600(91)90062-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. Chideckel E. W., Frost J. L., Mike P., Fedan J. S. The effect of ouabain on tension in isolated respiratory tract smooth muscle of humans and other species. Br J Pharmacol. 1987 Nov;92(3):609–614. doi: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.1987.tb11363.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. Cortijo J., Sarriá B., Pedrós C., Perpiñ M., Paris F., Morcillo E. The relaxant effects of cromakalim (BRL 34915) on human isolated airway smooth muscle. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol. 1992 Oct;346(4):462–468. doi: 10.1007/BF00171091. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. Dey R. D., Shannon W. A., Jr, Said S. I. Localization of VIP-immunoreactive nerves in airways and pulmonary vessels of dogs, cat, and human subjects. Cell Tissue Res. 1981;220(2):231–238. doi: 10.1007/BF00210505. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. Dey R. D., Shannon W. A., Jr, Said S. I. Localization of VIP-immunoreactive nerves in airways and pulmonary vessels of dogs, cat, and human subjects. Cell Tissue Res. 1981;220(2):231–238. doi: 10.1007/BF00210505. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. Drazen J. M., Fanta C. H., Lacouture P. G. Effect of nifedipine on constriction of human tracheal strips in vitro. Br J Pharmacol. 1983 Apr;78(4):687–691. doi: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.1983.tb09421.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  22. Felbel J., Trockur B., Ecker T., Landgraf W., Hofmann F. Regulation of cytosolic calcium by cAMP and cGMP in freshly isolated smooth muscle cells from bovine trachea. J Biol Chem. 1988 Nov 15;263(32):16764–16771. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  23. Felbel J., Trockur B., Ecker T., Landgraf W., Hofmann F. Regulation of cytosolic calcium by cAMP and cGMP in freshly isolated smooth muscle cells from bovine trachea. J Biol Chem. 1988 Nov 15;263(32):16764–16771. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  24. Fernandes L. B., Preuss J. M., Goldie R. G. Epithelial modulation of the relaxant activity of atriopeptides in rat and guinea-pig tracheal smooth muscle. Eur J Pharmacol. 1992 Mar 3;212(2-3):187–194. doi: 10.1016/0014-2999(92)90328-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  25. Foster R. W., Okpalugo B. I., Small R. C. Antagonism of Ca2+ and other actions of verapamil in guinea-pig isolated trachealis. Br J Pharmacol. 1984 Mar;81(3):499–507. doi: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.1984.tb10103.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  26. Gardiner P. J. The effects of some natural prostaglandins on isolated human circular bronchial muscle. Prostaglandins. 1975 Oct;10(4):607–616. doi: 10.1016/s0090-6980(75)80007-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  27. Gaston B., Drazen J. M., Loscalzo J., Stamler J. S. The biology of nitrogen oxides in the airways. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1994 Feb;149(2 Pt 1):538–551. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm.149.2.7508323. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  28. Goldie R. G., Spina D., Henry P. J., Lulich K. M., Paterson J. W. In vitro responsiveness of human asthmatic bronchus to carbachol, histamine, beta-adrenoceptor agonists and theophylline. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 1986 Dec;22(6):669–676. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2125.1986.tb02956.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  29. Gruetter C. A., Childers C. E., Bosserman M. K., Lemke S. M., Ball J. G., Valentovic M. A. Comparison of relaxation induced by glyceryl trinitrate, isosorbide dinitrate, and sodium nitroprusside in bovine airways. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1989 May;139(5):1192–1197. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm/139.5.1192. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  30. Gunst S. J., Bandyopadhyay S. Contractile force and intracellular Ca2+ during relaxation of canine tracheal smooth muscle. Am J Physiol. 1989 Aug;257(2 Pt 1):C355–C364. doi: 10.1152/ajpcell.1989.257.2.C355. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  31. Gunst S. J., Stropp J. Q. Effect of Na-K adenosinetriphosphatase activity on relaxation of canine tracheal smooth muscle. J Appl Physiol (1985) 1988 Feb;64(2):635–641. doi: 10.1152/jappl.1988.64.2.635. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  32. Hall I. P., Donaldson J., Hill S. J. Inhibition of histamine-stimulated inositol phospholipid hydrolysis by agents which increase cyclic AMP levels in bovine tracheal smooth muscle. Br J Pharmacol. 1989 Jun;97(2):603–613. doi: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.1989.tb11992.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  33. Hall I. P., Widdop S., Townsend P., Daykin K. Control of cyclic AMP levels in primary cultures of human tracheal smooth muscle cells. Br J Pharmacol. 1992 Oct;107(2):422–428. doi: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.1992.tb12762.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  34. Hamaguchi M., Ishibashi T., Imai S. Involvement of charybdotoxin-sensitive K+ channel in the relaxation of bovine tracheal smooth muscle by glyceryl trinitrate and sodium nitroprusside. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1992 Jul;262(1):263–270. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  35. Henderson A. F., Heaton R. W., Dunlop L. S., Costello J. F. Effects of nifedipine on antigen-induced bronchoconstriction. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1983 May;127(5):549–553. doi: 10.1164/arrd.1983.127.5.549. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  36. Hisada T., Kurachi Y., Sugimoto T. Properties of membrane currents in isolated smooth muscle cells from guinea-pig trachea. Pflugers Arch. 1990 Apr;416(1-2):151–161. doi: 10.1007/BF00370237. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  37. Hogaboom G. K., Emler C. A., Butcher F. R., Fedan J. S. Concerted phosphorylation of endogenous tracheal smooth muscle membrane proteins by Ca2+ . calmodulin-, cyclic GMP- and cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinases. FEBS Lett. 1982 Mar 22;139(2):309–312. doi: 10.1016/0014-5793(82)80877-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  38. Hogaboom G. K., Fedan J. S. Calmodulin stimulation of calcium uptake and (Ca2+-Mg2+)-ATPase activities in microsomes from canine tracheal smooth muscle. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1981 Mar 31;99(2):737–744. doi: 10.1016/0006-291x(81)91805-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  39. Huang J. C., Garcia M. L., Reuben J. P., Kacsorowski G. J. Inhibition of beta-adrenoceptor agonist relaxation of airway smooth muscle by Ca(2+)-activated K+ channel blockers. Eur J Pharmacol. 1993 Apr 22;235(1):37–43. doi: 10.1016/0014-2999(93)90817-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  40. Hulsmann A. R., Jongejan R. C., Rolien Raatgeep H., Stijnen T., Bonta I. L., Kerrebijn K. F., De Jongste J. C. Epithelium removal and peptidase inhibition enhance relaxation of human airways to vasoactive intestinal peptide. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1993 Jun;147(6 Pt 1):1483–1486. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm/147.6_Pt_1.1483. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  41. Ito Y., Inoue T. Contracture and change in membrane potential produced by sodium removal in the dog trachea and bronchiole. J Appl Physiol (1985) 1989 Nov;67(5):2078–2086. doi: 10.1152/jappl.1989.67.5.2078. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  42. Jansen A., Drazen J., Osborne J. A., Brown R., Loscalzo J., Stamler J. S. The relaxant properties in guinea pig airways of S-nitrosothiols. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1992 Apr;261(1):154–160. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  43. Jones K. A., Lorenz R. R., Warner D. O., Katusić Z. S., Sieck G. C. Changes in cytosolic cGMP and calcium in airway smooth muscle relaxed by 3-morpholinosydnonimine. Am J Physiol. 1994 Jan;266(1 Pt 1):L9–16. doi: 10.1152/ajplung.1994.266.1.L9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  44. Kanemura T., Tamaoki J., Chiyotani A., Takeyama K., Sakai N., Tagaya E., Konno K. Role of Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase in airway smooth muscle relaxation by vasoactive intestinal peptide and pituitary adenylate cyclase activating peptide. Res Commun Chem Pathol Pharmacol. 1993 Jan;79(1):11–22. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  45. Katsuki S., Murad F. Regulation of adenosine cyclic 3',5'-monophosphate and guanosine cyclic 3',5'-monophosphate levels and contractility in bovine tracheal smooth muscle. Mol Pharmacol. 1977 Mar;13(2):330–341. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  46. Kirkpatrick C. T. Excitation and contraction in bovine tracheal smooth muscle. J Physiol. 1975 Jan;244(2):263–281. doi: 10.1113/jphysiol.1975.sp010796. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  47. Kirkpatrick C. T. Excitation and contraction in bovine tracheal smooth muscle. J Physiol. 1975 Jan;244(2):263–281. doi: 10.1113/jphysiol.1975.sp010796. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  48. Knox A. J., Ajao P., Britton J. R., Tattersfield A. E. Effect of sodium-transport inhibitors on airway smooth muscle contractility in vitro. Clin Sci (Lond) 1990 Oct;79(4):315–323. doi: 10.1042/cs0790315. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  49. Knox A. J., Ajao P. The effect of inhibitors of Na/H exchange and Na/Ca exchange on airway smooth muscle contractility. Pulm Pharmacol. 1994 Apr;7(2):99–102. doi: 10.1006/pulp.1994.1011. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  50. Knox A. J., Britton J. R., Tattersfield A. E. Effect of sodium-transport inhibitors on bronchial reactivity in vivo. Clin Sci (Lond) 1990 Oct;79(4):325–330. doi: 10.1042/cs0790325. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  51. Knox A. J., Higgins B. G., Hall I. P., Tattersfield A. E. Effect of oral lithium on bronchial reactivity in asthma. Clin Sci (Lond) 1992 Apr;82(4):407–412. doi: 10.1042/cs0820407. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  52. Koga Y., Sato S., Sodeyama N., Takahashi M., Kato M., Iwatsuki N., Hashimoto Y. Comparison of the relaxant effects of diazepam, flunitrazepam and midazolam on airway smooth muscle. Br J Anaesth. 1992 Jul;69(1):65–69. doi: 10.1093/bja/69.1.65. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  53. Krampetz I. K., Bose R. Relaxant effect of amiloride on canine tracheal smooth muscle. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1988 Aug;246(2):641–648. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  54. Kume H., Takai A., Tokuno H., Tomita T. Regulation of Ca2+-dependent K+-channel activity in tracheal myocytes by phosphorylation. Nature. 1989 Sep 14;341(6238):152–154. doi: 10.1038/341152a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  55. Labat C., Norel X., Benveniste J., Brink C. Vasorelaxant effects of atrial peptide II on isolated human pulmonary muscle preparations. Eur J Pharmacol. 1988 Jun 10;150(3):397–400. doi: 10.1016/0014-2999(88)90027-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  56. Louis E, Guinea F, Pla O, Sander LM. Pattern formation in screened electrostatic fields. Phys Rev Lett. 1992 Jan 13;68(2):209–212. doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.68.209. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  57. Madison J. M., Brown J. K. Differential inhibitory effects of forskolin, isoproterenol, and dibutyryl cyclic adenosine monophosphate on phosphoinositide hydrolysis in canine tracheal smooth muscle. J Clin Invest. 1988 Oct;82(4):1462–1465. doi: 10.1172/JCI113752. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  58. Marthan R., Martin C., Amédée T., Mironneau J. Calcium channel currents in isolated smooth muscle cells from human bronchus. J Appl Physiol (1985) 1989 Apr;66(4):1706–1714. doi: 10.1152/jappl.1989.66.4.1706. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  59. McCann J. D., Welsh M. J. Calcium-activated potassium channels in canine airway smooth muscle. J Physiol. 1986 Mar;372:113–127. doi: 10.1113/jphysiol.1986.sp016000. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  60. McGrogan I., Lu S., Hipworth S., Sormaz L., Eng R., Preocanin D., Daniel E. E. Mechanisms of cyclic nucleotide-induced relaxation in canine tracheal smooth muscle. Am J Physiol. 1995 Mar;268(3 Pt 1):L407–L413. doi: 10.1152/ajplung.1995.268.3.L407. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  61. Miura M., Belvisi M. G., Stretton C. D., Yacoub M. H., Barnes P. J. Role of potassium channels in bronchodilator responses in human airways. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1992 Jul;146(1):132–136. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm/146.1.132. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  62. Mueller E., van Breemen C. Role of intracellular Ca2+ sequestration in beta-adrenergic relaxation of a smooth muscle. Nature. 1979 Oct 25;281(5733):682–683. doi: 10.1038/281682a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  63. Murthy K. S., Severi C., Grider J. R., Makhlouf G. M. Inhibition of IP3 and IP3-dependent Ca2+ mobilization by cyclic nucleotides in isolated gastric muscle cells. Am J Physiol. 1993 May;264(5 Pt 1):G967–G974. doi: 10.1152/ajpgi.1993.264.5.G967. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  64. Nagai H., Yamada H., Goto S., Inagaki N., Koda A. Reduction of antigen-induced contraction of sensitized guinea-pig tracheal smooth muscle in vitro by calmodulin inhibitors. Int Arch Allergy Appl Immunol. 1985;76(3):251–255. doi: 10.1159/000233700. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  65. Nials A. T., Coleman R. A., Johnson M., Magnussen H., Rabe K. F., Vardey C. J. Effects of beta-adrenoceptor agonists in human bronchial smooth muscle. Br J Pharmacol. 1993 Nov;110(3):1112–1116. doi: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.1993.tb13929.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  66. Nials A. T., Coleman R. A., Johnson M., Magnussen H., Rabe K. F., Vardey C. J. Effects of beta-adrenoceptor agonists in human bronchial smooth muscle. Br J Pharmacol. 1993 Nov;110(3):1112–1116. doi: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.1993.tb13929.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  67. O'Donnell M., Garippa R., Welton A. F. Relaxant activity of atriopeptins in isolated guinea pig airway and vascular smooth muscle. Peptides. 1985 Jul-Aug;6(4):597–601. doi: 10.1016/0196-9781(85)90159-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  68. Ozaki H., Kwon S. C., Tajimi M., Karaki H. Changes in cytosolic CA2+ and contraction induced by various stimulants and relaxants in canine tracheal smooth muscle. Pflugers Arch. 1990 Jun;416(4):351–359. doi: 10.1007/BF00370740. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  69. Pfitzer G., Rüegg J. C., Flockerzi V., Hofmann F. cGMP-dependent protein kinase decreases calcium sensitivity of skinned cardiac fibers. FEBS Lett. 1982 Nov 29;149(2):171–175. doi: 10.1016/0014-5793(82)81095-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  70. Qian Y., Naline E., Karlsson J. A., Raeburn D., Advenier C. Effects of rolipram and siguazodan on the human isolated bronchus and their interaction with isoprenaline and sodium nitroprusside. Br J Pharmacol. 1993 Jul;109(3):774–778. doi: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.1993.tb13641.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  71. Rabe K. F., Tenor H., Dent G., Schudt C., Liebig S., Magnussen H. Phosphodiesterase isozymes modulating inherent tone in human airways: identification and characterization. Am J Physiol. 1993 May;264(5 Pt 1):L458–L464. doi: 10.1152/ajplung.1993.264.5.L458. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  72. Rasmussen H., Kelley G., Douglas J. S. Interactions between Ca2+ and cAMP messenger system in regulation of airway smooth muscle contraction. Am J Physiol. 1990 Jun;258(6 Pt 1):L279–L288. doi: 10.1152/ajplung.1990.258.6.L279. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  73. Robberecht P., Chatelain P., De Neef P., Camus J. C., Waelbroeck M., Christophe J. Presence of vasoactive intestinal peptide receptors coupled to adenylate cyclase in rat lung membranes. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1981 Nov 18;678(1):76–82. doi: 10.1016/0304-4165(81)90049-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  74. Sands H., Mascali J. Effects of cyclic AMP and of protein kinase on the calcium uptake by various tracheal smooth muscle organelles. Arch Int Pharmacodyn Ther. 1978 Dec;236(2):180–191. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  75. Silver P. J., Stull J. T. Phosphorylation of myosin light chain and phosphorylase in tracheal smooth muscle in response to KCl and carbachol. Mol Pharmacol. 1984 Mar;25(2):267–274. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  76. Slaughter R. S., Welton A. F., Morgan D. W. Sodium-calcium exchange in sarcolemmal vesicles from tracheal smooth muscle. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1987 Nov 2;904(1):92–104. doi: 10.1016/0005-2736(87)90090-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  77. Smith T. W., Antman E. M., Friedman P. L., Blatt C. M., Marsh J. D. Digitalis glycosides: mechanisms and manifestations of toxicity. Part I. Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 1984 Mar-Apr;26(5):413–458. doi: 10.1016/0033-0620(84)90012-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  78. Souhrada M., Souhrada J. F. The role of protein kinase-C in sensitization and antigen response of airway smooth muscle. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1989 Dec;140(6):1567–1572. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm/140.6.1567. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  79. Souhrada M., Souhrada M. H., Souhrada J. F. The inhibition of sodium influx attenuates airway response to a specific antigen challenge. Br J Pharmacol. 1988 Apr;93(4):884–892. doi: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.1988.tb11476.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  80. Stephens N. L., Kroeger E. A., Kromer U. Induction of a myogenic response in tonic airway smooth muscle by tetraethylammonium. Am J Physiol. 1975 Feb;228(2):628–632. doi: 10.1152/ajplegacy.1975.228.2.628. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  81. Suzuki K., Takagi K., Satake T., Sugiyama S., Ozawa T. The relationship between tissue levels of cyclic GMP and tracheal smooth muscle relaxation in the guinea-pig. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 1986 Jan;13(1):39–46. doi: 10.1111/j.1440-1681.1986.tb00313.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  82. Sweatman W. J., Collier H. O. Effects of prostaglandins on human bronchial muscle. Nature. 1968 Jan 6;217(5123):69–69. doi: 10.1038/217069a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  83. Takagi K., Araki N. Relaxant effects of brain natriuretic peptide on guinea-pig tracheal smooth muscle. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 1993 Apr;20(4):239–243. doi: 10.1111/j.1440-1681.1993.tb01676.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  84. Takagi K., Araki N., Suzuki K. Relaxant effect of C-type natriuretic peptide on guinea-pig tracheal smooth muscle. Arzneimittelforschung. 1992 Nov;42(11):1329–1331. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  85. Takio K., Wade R. D., Smith S. B., Krebs E. G., Walsh K. A., Titani K. Guanosine cyclic 3',5'-phosphate dependent protein kinase, a chimeric protein homologous with two separate protein families. Biochemistry. 1984 Aug 28;23(18):4207–4218. doi: 10.1021/bi00313a030. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  86. Takuwa Y., Takuwa N., Rasmussen H. The effects of isoproterenol on intracellular calcium concentration. J Biol Chem. 1988 Jan 15;263(2):762–768. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  87. Tamaoki J., Chiyotani A., Takeyama K., Yamauchi F., Tagaya E., Konno K. Relaxation and inhibition of contractile response to electrical field stimulation by Beraprost sodium in canine airway smooth muscle. Prostaglandins. 1993 Apr;45(4):363–373. doi: 10.1016/0090-6980(93)90113-l. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  88. Tomkinson A., Karlsson J. A., Raeburn D. Comparison of the effects of selective inhibitors of phosphodiesterase types III and IV in airway smooth muscle with differing beta-adrenoceptor subtypes. Br J Pharmacol. 1993 Jan;108(1):57–61. doi: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.1993.tb13439.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  89. Torphy T. J., Undem B. J. Phosphodiesterase inhibitors: new opportunities for the treatment of asthma. Thorax. 1991 Jul;46(7):512–523. doi: 10.1136/thx.46.7.512. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  90. Venugopalan C. S., O'Rourke Y. M., Tucker T. A. Bronchorelaxing activity of lithium in vitro. J Pharm Sci. 1985 Oct;74(10):1120–1122. doi: 10.1002/jps.2600741025. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  91. Waisman D. M., Gimble J. M., Goodman D. B., Rasmussen H. Studies of the Ca2+ transport mechanism of human erythrocyte inside-out plasma membrane vesicles. I. Regulation of the Ca2+ pump by calmodulin. J Biol Chem. 1981 Jan 10;256(1):409–414. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  92. Walter U. Physiological role of cGMP and cGMP-dependent protein kinase in the cardiovascular system. Rev Physiol Biochem Pharmacol. 1989;113:41–88. doi: 10.1007/BFb0032675. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  93. Weichman B. M., Muccitelli R. M., Tucker S. S., Wasserman M. A. Effect of calcium antagonists on leukotriene D4-induced contractions of the guinea-pig trachea and lung parenchyma. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1983 May;225(2):310–315. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  94. Wilson L. E., Hatch D. J., Rehder K. Mechanisms of the relaxant action of ketamine on isolated porcine trachealis muscle. Br J Anaesth. 1993 Oct;71(4):544–550. doi: 10.1093/bja/71.4.544. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  95. Yamakage M., Kohro S., Kawamata T., Namiki A. Inhibitory effects of four inhaled anesthetics on canine tracheal smooth muscle contraction and intracellular Ca2+ concentration. Anesth Analg. 1993 Jul;77(1):67–72. doi: 10.1213/00000539-199307000-00013. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  96. Yu J., Guia A., Mink S., Kepron W., Cragoe E. J., Jr, Sharma S., Bose R. Role of sodium in antigen-induced contraction of tracheal smooth muscle in dogs. Respir Physiol. 1993 Jan;91(1):111–124. doi: 10.1016/0034-5687(93)90093-p. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from Thorax are provided here courtesy of BMJ Publishing Group

RESOURCES