Scheme 2. Pathway for Synthesis of Artificial Antibody Sites.
Steps 1–3: The SiNP surface was aminated by APTES followed by addition of glutaraldehyde to bind the protein to the SiNP by imine bond formation between glutaraldehyde and free amines of the protein. Step 4: Monomers with amino acid-like functionality were added to generate binding sites around the template protein. Step 5: Protein template was removed with sonication in acidic detergent solution. Step 6: Binding of a range of proteins was examined to establish selectivity.