Table 2. Clinical Characteristics of Participants.
| Total (n = 221) n (%) | No Need for OT Referral (n = 50) n (%) | Need for OT Referral (n = 171) n (%) | P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Consciousness Level | < 0.001 | |||
| Clear | 167 (75.6) | 50 (100.0) | 117(68.4) | |
| Unclear | 54 (24.4) | 0 (0.0) | 54 (31.6) | |
| Ability to Express Oneself | < 0.001 | |||
| Good | 124 (56.1) | 44 (88.0) | 80 (46.8) | |
| Fair | 44 (19.9) | 3 (6.0) | 41 (24.0) | |
| Poor | 53 (24.0) | 3 (6.0) | 29.2) | |
| Ability to understand | < 0.001 | |||
| Good | 123 (55.7) | 45 (90.0) | 78 (45.6) | |
| Fair | 55 (24.9) | 4 (8.0) | 51 (29.8) | |
| Poor | 43 (19.5) | 1 (2.0) | 42 (24.6) | |
| Visual Function | 0.004 | |||
| Normal | 110 (49.8) | 35 (70.0) | 75 (43.9) | |
| Fair | 62 (28.1) | 7 (14.0) | 55 (32.2) | |
| Poor | 49 (22.2) | 8 (16.0) | 24.0) | |
| Hearing | 0.005 | |||
| Normal | 135 (61.1) | 39 (78.0) | 96 (56.1) | |
| Impaired | 86 (38.9) | 11 (22.0) | 75 (43.9) | |
| SPMSQ Score (n = 148)a, e | < 0.001 | |||
| Mean (SD) | 6.76 (2.8) | 8.63 (1.69) | 6.05 (2.81) | |
| SPMSQ score 2–9 a | 0.0063 | |||
| Yes | 104(47.06) | 15(30.0) | 89(52.05) | |
| No | 117(52.94) | 35(70.0) | 82(47.96) | |
| Cognitive level | < 0.001 | |||
| Good (SPMSQ 8–10) | 80(36.20) | 36(72.00) | 44(25.73) | |
| Mildly impaired (SPMSQ 6–7) | 21(9.50) | 2(4.00) | 19(11.11) | |
| Moderately impaired (SPMSQ 3–5) | 30(13.58) | 2(4.00) | 28(16.37) | |
| Severely impaired (SPMSQ 0–2, and NA) | 90(40.72) | 10(20.0) | 80(46.78) | |
| Perceptual Function (n = 163) e | 0.016 | |||
| Normal | 142 (87.1) | 42 (97.7) | 100 (83.3) | |
| Impaired | 21 (12.9) | 1 (2.3) | 20 (16.7) | |
| Musculoskeletal Disorders (n = 220) e | 0.068 | |||
| No | 168 (76.4) | 43 (86.0) | 125 (73.5) | |
| Yes | 52 (23.6) | 7 (14.0) | 45 (26.5) | |
| Neurological Disorders (n = 220) b, e | < 0.001 | |||
| No | 131 (59.5) | 42 (84.0) | 89 (52.4) | |
| Yes | 89 (40.5) | 8 (16.0) | 81 (47.6) | |
| Psychiatric Disorders (n = 220) c, e | 0.003 | |||
| No | 142 (64.5) | 41 (82.0) | 102 (59.4) | |
| Yes | 78 (35.5) | 9 (18.0) | 69 (40.6) | |
| Dementia Diagnosis | < 0.001 | |||
| No | 181(81.9) | 49(98.0) | 132(77.19) | |
| Yes | 40(18.1) | 1(2.0) | 39(22.8) | |
| Barthel Index | < 0.001 | |||
| Mean (SD) | 73.19(34.881) | 99.40 (2.399) | 65.53 (36.219) | |
| Lawton IADL Scale | < 0.001 | |||
| Mean (SD) | 4.01 (3.164) | 7.44 (1.053) | 2.99 (2.850) | |
| IADL decline recently | 0.3063 | |||
| No | 209(94.57) | 49(98.00) | 160(93.57) | |
| Yes | 12(5.43) | 1(2.00) | 11(6.43) | |
| BADL decline recently | 0.020 | |||
| No | 204 (92.3) | 50 (100.0) | 154 (90.06) | |
| Yes | 17 (7.69) | 0 (0.0) | 17 (9.94) | |
| Ambulation Function (n = 217) e | < 0.001 | |||
| Normal | 154 (71.0) | 50 (100.0) | 104(63.2) | |
| Some limitation | 22 (10.1) | 0 (0.0) | 22 (12.9) | |
| Severe limitation | 41 (18.9) | 0 (0.0) | 41 (24.0) | |
| Joint Range of Motion Limitation | < 0.001 | |||
| No | 138 (62.4) | 47 (94.0) | 91 (53.2) | |
| Yes | 83 (37.6) | 3 (6.0) | 80 (46.8) | |
| Sitting Balance | < 0.001 | |||
| Normal | 182 (82.4) | 50 (100.0) | 132 (77.2) | |
| Poor | 39 (17.6) | 0 (0.0) | 39 (22.8) | |
| Standing Balance | < 0.001 | |||
| Normal | 152 (58.8) | 50 (100.0) | 102 (59.6) | |
| Poor | 69 (31.2) | 0 (0.0) | 69 (40.4) | |
| Falling in the Past 6 Months | < 0.001 | |||
| No | 169 (76.5) | 49 (94.2) | 115 (68.0) | |
| Yes | 52 (23.5) | 3 (5.8) | 54 (32.0) | |
| Fear of Falling (n = 190)e | < 0.001 | |||
| No | 113 (59.5) | 44 (88.0) | 69 (49.3) | |
| Yes | 77 (40.5) | 6 (12.0) | 71 (50.7) | |
| Awareness of Risks in Daily life (n = 220) e | < 0.001 | |||
| Yes | 124 (56.4) | 45 (90.0) | 79 (46.5) | |
| No | 96 (43.6) | 5 (10.0) | 92 (53.5) | |
| Use of Assistive Devices | < 0.001 | |||
| No device | 101 (45.7) | 40 (80.0) | 61 (35.7) | |
| Use with no difficulty | 91 (41.2) | 10 (20.0) | 81 (47.4) | |
| Use with difficulty | 29 (13.1) | 0 (0.0) | 29 (17.0) | |
| Social Contact | < 0.001 | |||
| 2–3 Times per week | 100 (45.2) | 11 (22.0) | 89 (52.0) | |
| At least once per week | 67 (30.3) | 17 (34.0) | 50 (29.2) | |
| Seldom or never | 54 (24.4) | 22 (44.0) | 32 (18.7) | |
| Hours Safe to Stay at Home Alone Perceived by Caregivers (n = 211) e | < 0.001 | |||
| 0 | 30 (14.2) | 0 (0.0) | 30 (18.2) | |
| <1 | 36 (17.1) | 1 (2.2) | 35 (21.2) | |
| 1–3 | 35 (16.6) | 4 (8.7) | 31 (18.8) | |
| 3–6 | 14 (6.6) | 1 (2.2) | 13 (7.9) | |
| 6–9 | 17 (8.1) | 3 (6.5) | 14 (8.5) | |
| >9 | 79 (37.4) | 37 (80.4) | 42 (25.5) | |
| Number of Behavioral and Emotional Problems (n = 211) d, e | ||||
| Mean (SD) | 5 (8.339) | 0.49 (2.191) | 6.25 (8.973) | < 0.001 |
| ≥ 2 Behavioral and Emotional Problems | < 0.001 | |||
| Yes | 95 (42.99) | 4(8.0) | 91 (53.22) | |
| No | 126 (57.01) | 46(92.0) | 80 (46.78) | |
| ≥ 3 Behavioral and Emotional Problems | < 0.001 | |||
| Yes | 90 (40.72) | 4(8.0) | 86 (50.29) | |
| No | 131 (59.28) | 46(92.0) | 85 (49.71) | |
| Caregiver Strain Index | ||||
| Mean (SD) | 5.12 (4.309) | 1.05 (1.66) | 6.21 (4.145) | < 0.001 |
| Caregivers with disabilities | 0.957 | |||
| No | 194 (87.78) | 44 (88.00) | 150 (87.72) | |
| Yes | 27 (12.22) | 6(12.00) | 21 (12.28) | |
| Caregivers’ health | 0.053 | |||
| Good | 19(8.60) | 6(12.0) | 13(7.60) | |
| Fair | 128(57.92) | 32(64.0) | 96(56.14) | |
| Poor | 65(29.41) | 8(16.0) | 57(33.33) | |
| Missing | 9(4.07) | 4(8.0) | 5(2.92) |
OT: occupational therapy; IADL: instrumental activities of daily living; SD: standard deviation.
a SPMSQ: Short Portable Mental Status Questionnaire, range: 0–10; The cutoff points of 2 and 9 were determined using GAM analysis. There were only 148 respondents who were able to respond to SPMSQ; 73 participants who were unable to respond were coded as “0”.
b Neurological disorders include: self-reported diagnoses of stroke, paraplegia, tetraplegia, Parkinson's disease etc.
c Psychiatric disorders include: self-reported diagnoses of major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, and psychosis, etc.
d The cutoff point of 2 (for ADL model) and 3 (for IADL model) for Number of behavioral and emotional problems was determined using GAM analysis.
e There were some missing values for certain variables, and the number of participants who responded to these questions is shown in parentheses.