Table 2.
Sample breakdown for parent–youth immigrant status
| U.S.-raised | Immigrant | Mixed-status | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mother–youth | n | n | n |
| 85 | 45 | 115 | |
| Demographic information | M (SD) | M (SD) | M (SD) |
| Household income W1 | $78,267 (43,636) |
$28,715 (13,504) |
$47,399 (47,764) |
| M years living in U.S. W1 | 33.14 (7.37) |
4.01 (2.96) |
13.89 (4.69) |
| M education level W1 | 12.65 (2.61) |
8.25a (3.73) |
9.51a (3.55) |
| M language (% English) | 94 | 0 | 2 |
| Y language (% English) | 100 | 33 | 92 |
| Father–youth | N | n | n |
| 78 | 45 | 121 | |
| Demographic information | M (SD) | M (SD) | M (SD) |
| Household income W1 | $79,098 (42,798) |
$29,113 (13,941) |
$48,484 (48,225) |
| F years living in U.S. W1 | 32.63 (6.28) |
7.87 (7.26) |
17.46 (6.22) |
| F education level W1 | 12.82 (2.72) |
8.23 (4.62) |
8.69 (4.15) |
| F language (% English) | 94 | 0 | 5 |
| Y language (% English) | 100 | 36 | 93 |
Four fathers were born in a country other than the U.S. or Mexico. These fathers made up one immigrant dyad and three mixed-status dyads. Two mother–youth dyads and four father–youth dyads were excluded from all immigrant status analyses as the youth reported being immigrants but parents reported being U.S.-born. Demographic information that did not differ at the p < .05 level is marked by a shared subscript. For % English, the indicator reflects the percentage of participants who chose to be interviewed in English. W1 is Wave 1