(A) Optical microscopic image of a single P. aeruginosa bacterium (arrow head) attaching to a 2-μm antibody-conjugated particle (arrow). The scale bar is 5 μm. (B) SEM images of a single P. aeruginosa bacterium attaching to a 2-μm antibody-conjugated particle and the close-up of the coarse surface of the functionalized particle. The scale bar is 1 μm. (C) Efficacy and specificity of particles with different surface modifications attached to P. aeruginosa. In the annotation, none (control) means non-modified, NH2 means amine-modified, COOH means carboxylate-modified, Anti-PA means anti-P. aeruginosa polyclonal antibody, Anti-SA means anti-S. aureus polyclonal antibody, and # means no observation.