Table 1.
Sociodemographic Characteristics and Health Status of Participants with Frailty at Baseline. The 3C Study
| Variable | All n = 6078 |
Nonfrail n = 2756 |
Prefrail n = 2896 |
Frail n = 426 |
p |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, mean (SD) | 74.1 (5.2) | 73.5 (5.1)a | 74.4 (5.2)b | 76.6 (5.5)c | < .001 |
| Female gender (%) | 61.3 | 57.0 | 63.5 | 77.2 | < .001 |
| High education level (%) (>12 years) | 17.0 | 17.8 | 17.0 | 12.0 | .029 |
| Lives alone (%) | 37.4 | 35.7 | 37.7 | 47.6 | < .001 |
| Monthly income < 780 € (%) | 5.4 | 4.7 | 5.7 | 11.6 | < .001 |
| Poor self-reported health (%) | 4.4 | 1.1 | 5.0 | 21.6 | < .001 |
| High blood pressure (%) | 64.0 | 63.9 | 63.1 | 70.9 | .007 |
| Arthrosis (%) | 14.9 | 11.0 | 17.2 | 26.4 | < .001 |
| Diabetes (%) | 9.3 | 8.9 | 10.1 | 14.7 | .008 |
| Cancer (%) | 5.3 | 5.0 | 5.5 | 6.6 | .350 |
| Chronic diseases, mean (SD) | 1.2 (1.0) | 1.1 (0.9) | 1.3 (1.0) | 1.6 (1.1) | < .001 |
| Current smoker (%) | 5.5 | 4.8 | 6.3 | 4.2 | < .001 |
| Current drinker (%) | 79.2 | 81.4 | 79.3 | 65.7 | < .001 |
| MMSE, mean (SD) | 27.4 (1.9) | 27.5 (1.9)a | 27.4 (1.9)b | 26.9 (2.0)c | < .001 |
| CES-D, mean (SD) | 8.1 (7.4) | 5.6 (5.21)a | 9.3 (7.84)b | 15.7 (9.30)c | < .001 |
| Cholesterol, mmol/L, mean (SD) | 5.81 (1.0) | 5.79 (0.9) | 5.82 (1.0) | 5.85 (1.1) | .356 |
| Disability for mobility (%) | 44.9 | 34.9 | 50.0 | 81.9 | < .001 |
| Disability ≥ 1 IADL task (%) | 8.1 | 4.3 | 8.3 | 32.8 | < .001 |
| Disability ≥ 1 ADL task (%) | 0.4 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 3.3 | < .001 |
Note: Chronic diseases: hypertension, diabetes, cardiac failure, myocardial infarction or angina pectoris, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, fractures (femoral or vertebral), cancer and arthrosis.
MMSE = Mini-Mental State Examination (0–30 points); higher score indicates better cognitive status.
CES-D = Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression scale (excluding the two questions used for the frailty definition); higher score indicates worse mood status.
IADL = Instrumental activities of daily living (self-reported disability).
ADL = Basic activities of daily living (self-reported disability).
p value represents the global test.
Different letters indicate a statistically significant inter-group difference.