Table 1.

Structure and pharmacological properties of T. chebula active ingredients.

Compound	Category	Chemical structure	Pharmacological properties
Gallotannins	Hydrolysable tannin		Antimicrobial [26], antioxidant [27]
Ellagitannins	Hydrolysable tannin		Anti-inflammatory, anticancer, cardiovascular protection [28], antioxidant, chemopreventive, antiapoptotic, anti-hepatocellular carcinoma (Anti-HCC) [29]
Gallic acid	Phenolic compound		Anti-inflammatory [30], antimutagenic [31], cardioprotective [32], antioxidant [33], anticancer [34], antimicrobial [35], neuroprotective [36], immunosuppressive [37], improved cognition [38]
Chebulic acid	Phenolic compound		Anti-HCV [39], antidiabetic [40], hepatoprotective [41], immunosuppressive [37]
Chebulagic acid	Hydrolysable tannin		Hepatoprotective [41], antiviral [42], immunosuppressive [43], antidiabetic [44, 45], neuroprotective [46], antiangiogenesis [47], antiproliferative [48], anti-inflammatory [44]
Chebulinic acid	Hydrolysable tannin		Antisecretory, cytoprotective [49], antiangiogenesis [50], antitumor [51]
Ellagic acid	Phenolic compound		Antioxidant [52], anti-inflammatory [53], anti-diabetes-induced sexual dysfunction [54], hepatoprotective [55], antiarrhythmic [56], cognitive enhancer [57, 58]
Anthraquinone glycosides	Phenolic compound		Neuroprotective [59], antidiabetic [60]