Table 1.
Renal aquaporins.
| Name | Class | Exons | Synonyms | Kidney segment | Extrarenal localization | Subcellular distribution | Function | KO mice show | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| AQP1 | I | 4 | AQP-CHIP, CHIP28 | PT, DL | Brain, erythrocytes, eye, heart, lung, pancreas, skeletal muscle, vagina | Apical and basolateral PM | Constitutive water reabsorption from pre-urine, tubular cell migration, angiogenesis | Impaired pain sensation, polyuria | Preston and Agre, 1991; Ma et al., 1998; Bai et al., 1999; Pallone et al., 2000; Vacca et al., 2001; Saadoun et al., 2005; Hara-Chikuma and Verkman, 2006; Wang et al., 2008; Kim et al., 2011b; Arrighi and Aralla, 2014 |
| AQP2 | I | 4 | AQP-CD, WCH-CD | CD-PC | Ear, epididymis, vagina | Intracellular vesicles, apical and basolateral PM | AVP-stimulated water reabsorption from urine | Fail to thrive, polyuria | Fushimi et al., 1993; Nielsen and Agre, 1995; Nelson et al., 1998; Merves et al., 2000; Rojek et al., 2006; Kim et al., 2011b; Arrighi and Aralla, 2014 |
| AQP3 | II | 6 | GLIP | CD-PC | Erythrocytes, eye, colon, conjunctiva, lung, skin, vagina | Basolateral PM | Water exit of kidney CD-PC, regulation of epidermal glycerol content | Impaired wound healing, reduced skin hydration, urinary concentration defects | Echevarria et al., 1994; Ishibashi et al., 1994; Ecelbarger et al., 1995; Ma et al., 2000, 2002; Hara et al., 2002; Kwon et al., 2002; Roudier et al., 2002; Kim et al., 2011b |
| AQP4 | I | 4 | MIWC, WCH4 | CD-PC | Brain, eye, lung, muscle, retinal glia, skin, stomach | Basolateral PM | Water exit of kidney CD-PC, regulation of water flow in central nervous system | Impaired vision, hearing, olfaction; urinary concentration defects | Hasegawa et al., 1994; Ma et al., 1994, 1997; Yang et al., 1997; Manley et al., 2000; Li and Verkman, 2001; Zelenina et al., 2002; Hiroaki et al., 2006; Ho et al., 2009 |
| AQP5 | I | 4 | – | CNT, CD-βIC | Ear, eye, lung, salivary glands, placenta, pancreas, vagina | Apical PM | Generation of saliva, tears and pulmonary secretion, unknown renal function | Impaired salivary and sweat secretion, decreased osmotic water permeability across alveolar epithelium | Raina et al., 1995; He et al., 1997; Ishida et al., 1997; Ma et al., 1999; Mhatre et al., 1999; Ma et al., 2000; Krane et al., 2001a,b; Song and Verkman, 2001; Nejsum et al., 2002; Kim et al., 2011b; Procino et al., 2011b; Wu et al., 2013 |
| AQP6 | I | 4 | AQP2L, HKID, KID | CNT, CD-αIC | Brain, vagina | Intracellular vesicles | Urinary acid secretion, nitrate and chloride transport | – | Ma et al., 1996; Yasui et al., 1999a,b; Ohshiro et al., 2001; Ikeda et al., 2002; Liu et al., 2005; Yasui, 2009; Kim et al., 2011b |
| AQP7 | II | 6 | AQPap | PT | Adipose tissue, brain, heart, intestine, skeletal muscle, testis | Apical PM | Glycerol metabolism, arsenite uptake | Glyceroluria, obesity, smaller islet cells | Ishibashi et al., 1997a, 2000a; Kishida et al., 2000; Nejsum et al., 2000; Liu et al., 2002; Hara-Chikuma et al., 2005; Hibuse et al., 2005; Sohara et al., 2005, 2006a; Laforenza et al., 2013 |
| AQP8 | I | 6 | – | PT | Brain, pancreas, placenta, salivary glands, sperm, testis | Intracellular vesicles, PM | Urea, amonia and ROS transport | Mild hypertriglyceridemia | Ishibashi et al., 1997b; Elkjaer et al., 2001; Yang et al., 2005; Bienert et al., 2007; Saparov et al., 2007; Kobayashi and Yasui, 2010; Tamma et al., 2011b |
| AQP11 | III | 3 | AQPX1 | PT | Brain, intestine, liver, testis, thymus | ER | ER homeostasis, spermiogenesis, salivary gland development | Polycystic kidney disease | Ishibashi et al., 2000b; Morishita et al., 2004, 2005b; Gorelick et al., 2006; Ishibashi, 2006; Yakata et al., 2007; Larsen et al., 2010; Yeung and Cooper, 2010 |
AQPap, AQP adipose; AQP2L, AQP2 like; CD-aIC, collecting duct a-intercalated cells; CD-bIC, collecting duct b-intercalated cells; CD-PC, collecting duct principal cells; Class I, classical aquaporins; Class II, aquaglyceroporins; Class III, superaquaporins, unorthodox AQPs, subcellular AQPs; CNT, connecting tubule; DL, descending limb of Henle; ER, endoplasmatic reticulum; GLIP, glucagon-like insulinotropic peptide; HKID, original name of the clone (Ma et al., 1996); KO, knock out; MIP, major intrinsic protein; MIWC, mercurial-insensitive water channel; PM, plasma membrane; PT, proximal tubule; SSC1, small solute channel 1; WCH4, water channel 4.