Table 4.
Summary of pesticides with reported direct effects that were positive, neutral, or negative.
| Direction of Effect | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Taxa | Pesticide Category | Positive | Neutral | Negative | Total Chemicals |
χ2a | Pa |
| Algae | Insecticides | 0 | 2 | 23 | 25 | 38.96 | <0.001 |
| carbamate | - | - | 6 | 6 | 12.00 | 0.002 | |
| organochlorine | - | 2 | 11 | 13 | 15.86 | <0.001 | |
| organophosphate | - | - | 6 | 6 | 12.00 | 0.002 | |
| Herbicides | 0 | 2 | 33 | 35 | 58.69 | <0.001 | |
| Fungicides | 0 | 0 | 4 | 4 | 8.00 | 0.018 | |
| Bacteria | Insecticides | 3 | 7 | 10 | 20 | 3.70 | 0.157 |
| carbamate | - | - | 4 | 4 | 8.00 | 0.018 | |
| organochlorine | - | 1 | 1 | - | - | ||
| organophosphate | 2 | 6 | 6 | 14 | 2.29 | 0.319 | |
| pyrethroid | 1 | - | 1 | - | - | ||
| Herbicides | 2 | 6 | 7 | 15 | 2.80 | 0.247 | |
| Fungicides | 1 | 1 | 7 | 9 | 8.00 | 0.018 | |
| Fungi | Insecticides | 0 | 0 | 3 | 3 | 6.00 | 0.050 |
| carbamate | - | - | 1 | 1 | - | - | |
| organophosphate | - | - | 2 | 2 | - | - | |
| Herbicides | 0 | 0 | 4 | 4 | 8.00 | 0.018 | |
| Fungicides | 0 | 0 | 5 | 5 | 10.00 | 0.007 | |
| Protozoa | Insecticides | 0 | 0 | 17 | 17 | 34.00 | <0.001 |
| carbamate | - | - | 3 | 3 | 6.00 | 0.050 | |
| organochlorine | - | - | 6 | 6 | 12.00 | 0.002 | |
| organophosphate | - | - | 8 | 8 | 16.00 | <0.001 | |
| Herbicides | 0 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 2.00 | 0.368 | |
| Fungicides | 0 | 0 | 3 | 3 | 6.00 | 0.050 | |
a
Results of an observed versus expected Chi-square test assuming an equal expectation for each of the three categories.