Table 6.

Studies examining direct effects of pesticides on protozoa.

Pesticide Category	Pesticide Croup	Pesticides Used	Pesticide Concentration (µg L−1)	Ecologically Relevant	Matrix	Focal Microbes	Direction of Effect	Reference
Insecticide	carbamate	carbaryl	> 10000	N	Lab Culture	Colpidium campulum	-	(Dive, Leclerc et al 1980)
	carbamate	carbaryl	1000 – 100000	Y	Estuarine Mesocosms	ciliate protozoa	-	(Weber, Shea et al. 1982)
	carbamate	carbofuran	9000–50000	N	Lab Culture	Euglena gracilis	-	(Azizullah, Richter et al. 2011)
	organochlorine	aldrin	> 10000	N	Lab Culture	Colpidium campulum	-	(Dive, Leclerc et al. 1980)
	organochlorine	DDT	10000–100000	N	Lab Culture	Tetrahymena pyriformis	-	(Lal, Saxena et al. 1987)
	organochlorine	dieldrin	> 10000	N	Lab Culture	Colpidium campulum	-	(Dive, Leclerc et al. 1980)
	organochlorine	lindane	> 10000	N	Lab Culture	Colpidium campulum	-	(Dive, Leclerc et al. 1980)
	organochlorine	methoxychlor	> 10000	N	Lab Culture	Colpidium campulum	-	(Dive, Leclerc et al. 1980)
	organochlorine	mirex	0.9	Y	Lab Culture	Tetrahymena pyriformis	-	(Cooley, Keltner et al. 2007)
	organophosphate	chlorpyrifos	100 – 2500	Y	Lab Culture	Tetrahymena pyriformis	-	(Lal, Saxena et al. 1987)
	organophosphate	dimethoate	> 10000	N	Lab Culture	Colpidium campulum	-	(Dive, Leclerc et al. 1980)
	organophosphate	fenitrothion	500 – 10000	Y	Lab Culture	Tetrahymena pyriformis	-	(Lal, Saxena et al. 1987)
	organophosphate	malathion	6000 – 50000	N	Lab Culture	Euglena gracilis	-	(Azizullah, Richter et al. 2011)
	organophosphate	malathion	> 10000	N	Lab Culture	Colpidium campulum	-	(Dive, Leclerc et al. 1980)
	organophosphate	malathion	7250	N	Lab Culture	Euglena gracilis	-	(Moore 1970)
	organophosphate	malathion	1000 – 30000	N	Estuarine Mesocosms	ciliate protozoa	-	(Weber, Shea et al. 1982)
	organophosphate	parathion	1200	N	Lab Culture	Euglena gracilis	-	(Moore 1970)
Herbicide	bipyrimidine	diquat	2940	N	Lab Culture	Euglena gracilis, Ochromonas danica, Navicula pelliculosa, Cryptomonas ovata	-	(Campbell, Bartell et al. 2000)
	phenoxy	2,4-D	> 10000	N	Lab Culture	Colpidium campulum	Neutral	(Dive, Leclerc et al. 1980)
	substituted urea	chlorotoluron	298500	N	Lab Culture	Tetrahymena pyriformis	-	(Nelieu Bonnemoy, et al., 2010
	substituted urea	fenuron	> 10000	N	Lab Culture	Colpidium campulum	Neutral	(Dive, Leclerc et al. 1980)
Fungicide	carbamate	nabam	50 – 10000	N	Lab Culture	Euglena gracilis	-	(Moore 1970)
	carbamate	thiram	300	N	Lab Culture	Colpidium campulum	-	(Dive, Leclerc et al. 1980)
	carbamate	vapam	1000 – 10000	N	Lab Culture	Euglena gracilis	-	(Moore 1970)