Table 7.
Studies examining direct effects of pesticides on aquatic fungi.
| Pesticide Category |
Pesticide Croup | Pesticides Used | Pesticide Concentration (µg L−1) |
Ecologically Relevant |
Matrix | Focal Microbes | Direction of Effect |
Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Insecticide | carbamate | carbaryl | 2500 | Y | Lab Culture | Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis | - | (Hanlon and Paris, 2012) |
| organophosphate | diazinon | 0.05 – 50 | Y | Lab Culture | Heliscella stellata, Lunaspora curvula, Sigmoid type-2 aquatic fungi | - | (Flores, Banjac et al., 2014) | |
| organophosphate | dimethoate | 2500 – 75000 | N | Lab Culture | Achyla racemosa, Dictyuchus monosporus, Saprolegnia ferax, Thraustotheca clavata, and Allomyces arbuscula | - | (Khallil and Omar, 1993) | |
| Herbicide | bipyrimidine | diquat | 2 – 10 | Y | Lab Culture | Helicoon elegans, Pseudoaergerita matsushimae, Hormiactus ontariensis, Beverwykella pulmonaria and Sigmoid type-2 fungi | - | (Fronda and Kendrick 1995) |
| glyphosate | glyphosate | 50000 – 500000 | N | Lab Culture | Annulatascus velatisporus, Composporium antennatum, Helicosporium griseum, and Massarina sp. | - | (Tsui Hyde et al. 2001) | |
| glyphosate | glyphosate | 500 | Y | Lab Culture | Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis | - | (Hanlon and Paris, 2012) | |
| s-triazine | atrazine | 0.0106 – 106 | Y | Lab Culture | Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis | - | (McMahon, Romansic, et al., 2013) | |
| Fungicide | aromatic | chlorothalonil | 0.0176 – 1.76 and 32–176 | Y | Lab Culture | Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis | - | (McMahon, Romansic et al., 2013) |
| aromatic | chlorothalonil | > 260 | Y | Lab Culture | Cryptococcus flavescens, Trichoderma hamatum, Fusarium sporotrichioides, Mucor hiemalas, Pythium spp., Helicoon richonis, Helicodendran tubulosum | - | (Dijksterhius, van Doorn, et al., 2011 | |
| imidazole | imazalil | 0.1–100 | Y | Lab Culture | Heliscella stellata, Lunaspora curvula, Sigmoid type-2 aquatic fungi | - | (Flores, Banjac et al., 2014) | |
| imidazole | imazalil | 10000 – 210000 | N | Lab Culture | Cryptococcus flavescens, Trichoderma hamatum, Fusarium sporotrichioides, Mucor hiemalas, Pythium spp., Helicoon richonis, Helicodendran tubulosum | - | (Dijksterhius van Doorn, et al., 2012 | |
| phosphanoglycine | thiophanate methyl | 1500 | N | Lab Culture | Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis | - | (Hanlon and Paris, 2012) | |