Table 8.

Studies examining direct effects of pesticides on bacteria.

a
Pesticide Category	Pesticide Group	Pesticides Used	Pesticide Concentration (µg L−1)	Ecologically Relevant	Matrix	Focal Microbes	Direction of Effect	Reference
Insecticide	carbamate	carbaryl	9400000	N	Lab Culture	E. coli O157:H7, Salmonella typhimurium, Sal. enteritidis, Shigella sonnei, S. flexneri, Listeria moncytogenes	−	(Guan, Blank et al. 2001)
	carbamate	carbaryl	5000	N	Lab Culture	Vibrio phosphoreum	−	(Somasundaram, Coats et al. 1990)
	carbamate	carbaryl	100000	N	Estuarine Mesocosms	sediment bacteria	−	(Weber and Rosenberg, 1984)
	carbamate	carbofuran	20500	Y	Lab Culture	Vibrio phosphoreum	−	(Somasundaram, Coats et al. 1990)
	organochlorine	lindane	500–500000	N	Rumen Fluid Microcosms	rumen bacteria	Neutral	(Williams, Robbins et al, 1963)
	organophosphate	chlorpyrifos	6600000	N	Lab Culture	E. coli O157:H7, Salmonella typhimurium, Sal. enteritidis, Shigella sonnei, S. flexneri, Listeria monocytogenes	+	(Guan, Blank et al. 2001)
	organophosphate	chlorpyrifos	46300	N	Lab Culture	Vibrio phosphoreum	−	(Somasundaram, Coats et al. 1990)
	organophosphate	diazinon	14600000	N	Lab Culture	E. coli O157:H7, Salmonella typhimurium, Sal. enteritidis, Shigella sonnei, S. flexneri, Listeria monocytogenes	−	(Guan, Blank et al. 2001)
	organophosphate	diazinon	0.005	Y	Lab Culture	Eshcerichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae	Neutral	(Higgins and Hohn 2008)
	organophosphate	diazinon	10300	N	Lab Culture	Vibrio phosphoreum	−	(Somasundaram, Coats et al. 1990)
	organophosphate	diazinon	500 – 500000	Y	Rumen Fluid Microcosms	rumen bacteria	Neutral	(Williams, Robbins et al. 1963)
	organophosphate	dimethoate	14800000	N	Lab Culture	E. coli O157:H7, Salmonella typhimurium, Sal. enteritidis, Shigella sonnei, S. flexneri, Listeria moncytogenes	−	(Guan, Blank et al. 2001)
	organophosphate	dimethoate	500 – 500000	N	Rumen Fluid Microcosms	rumen bacteria	Neutral	(Williams, Robbins et al. 1963)
	organophosphate	malathion	Unknown		Unknown	Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis	Neutral	(Kerszman 1993)
	organophosphate	malathion	500	N	Sludge Chamber Microcosms	heterotrophic bacteria	−	(Pai, Wang et al. 2009)
	organophosphate	malathion	101, 202	Y	Freshwater Mesocosms	Escherichia coli. Enterococcus faecalis	Neutral	(Staley, Rohr et al. 2010)
	organophosphate	malathion	101, 202	Y	Freshwater Mesocosms	Eschericia coli, E. coli O157:H7, Salmonella typhimurium, Enterococcus faecalis	Neutral	(Staley, Senkbeil et al. 2012)
	organophosphate	parathion	8500	N	Lab Culture	Vibrio phosphoreum	−	(Somasundaram, Coats et al. 1990)
	pyrethroid	permethrin	1000000	N	Lab Culture	E. coli O157:H7, Salmonella typhimurium, Sal. enteritidis, Shigella sonnei, S. flexneri, Listeria moncytogenes	+	(Guan, Blank et al. 2001)

b
Herbicide	bipyrimidine	diquat	25000–50000	N	Lab Culture	Erwinia carotovora, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Bacillus sp.	Neutral	(Breazeale and Camper 1972)
	bipyrimidine	paraquat	25000–50000	N	Lab Culture	Erwinia carotovora, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Bacillus sp.	Neutral	(Breazeale and Camper 1972)
	bipyrimidine	paraquat	20000000	N	Lab Culture	E. coli O157:H7, Salmonella typhimurium, Sal. enteritidis, Shigella sonnei, S. flexneri, Listeria moncytogenes	-	(Guan, Blank et al. 2001)
	glyphosate	glyphosate	13400000	N	Lab Culture	E. coli O157:H7, Salmonella typhimurium, Sal. enteritidis, Shigella sonnei, S. flexneri, Listeria moncytogenes	-	(Guan, Blank et al. 2001)
	glyphosate	glyphosate	500	Y	Sludge Chamber Microcosms	heterotrophic bacteria	-	(Pai, Wang et al. 2009)
	phenoxy	2,4-D	31400000	N	Lab Culture	E. coli O157:H7, Salmonella typhimurium, Sal. enteritidis, Shigella sonnei, S. flexneri, Listeria moncytogenes	-	(Guan, Blank et al. 2001)
	phenoxy	2,4-D	5 and 10mM		Lab Culture	Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae	-	(Higgins and Hohn 2008)
	phenoxy	2,4-D	100700	N	Lab Culture	Vibrio phosphoreum	-	(Somasundaram, Coats et al. 1990)
	s-triazine	atrazine	25000 – 50000	N	Lab Culture	Erwinia carotovora, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Bacillus sp.	Neutral	(Breazeale and Camper 1972)
	s-triazine	atrazine	0.25 – 22.5	Y	Lab Culture	Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae	Neutral	(Higgins and Hohn 2008)
	s-triazine	atrazine	1 – 100	Y	Lab Culture	Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecalis	+	(Koutsotoli, Dimou et al. 2005)
	s-triazine	atrazine	102, 204	Y	Freshwater Microcosms	Escherichia coli, E. coli O157:H7, Salmonella typhimurium, Enterococcus faecalis	Neutral	(Staley, Senkbeil et al. 2012)
	s-triazine	siniazine	0.000025 – 0.0025	Y	Lab Culture	Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae	Neutral	(Higgins and Hohn 2008)
	substituted urea	chlorotoluron	68200	N	Lab Culture	Vibrio fisherii	-	(Nelieu Bonnemoy, et al., 2010
	substituted urea	linuron	22600000	N	Lab Culture	E. coli O157:H7, Salmonella typhimurium, Sal. enteritidis, Shigella sonnei, S. flexneri, Listeria moncytogenes	+	(Guan, Blank et al. 2001)
Fungicide	aromatic	chlorothalonil	20000000	N	Lab Culture	E. coli O157:H7, Salmonella typhimurium, Sal. enteritidis, Shigella sonnei, S. flexneri, Listeria moncytogenes	+	(Guan, Blank et al. 2001)
	aromatic	chlorothalonil	169, 338	Y	Freshwater Microcosms	Eschericia coli, E. coli O157:H7, Salmonella typhimurium, Enterococcus faecalis	Neutral	(Staley, Senkbeil et al. 2012)
	aromatic	dicloran	0.14	Y	Unknown	Salmonella YG1041	-	(de Oliviera, Sakagami et al. 2009)
	carbamate	thiram	13400000	N	Lab Culture	E. coli O157:H7, Salmonella typhimurium, Sal. enteritidis, Shigella sonnei, S. flexneri, Listeria moncytogenes	-	(Guan, Blank et al. 2001)
	carbamate	thiram	3000 – 70000	N	Freshwater Mesocosms	sediment bacteria	-	(Milenkovski, Baath et al. 2010)
	dicarboximide	captan	3000 – 70000	N	Freshwater Mesocosms	sediment bacteria	-	(Milenkovski, Baath et al. 2010)
	hydrochloride	acriflavine	1000	N	Lab Culture	Staphylococcus aureus	-	(Kawai and Yamagishi 2009)
	morpholine	fenpropimorph	3000 – 70000	N	Freshwater Mesocosms	sediment bacteria	-	(Milenkovski, Baath et al. 2010)
	triazole	propiconazole	3000 – 70000	N	Freshwater Mesocosms	sediment bacteria	-	(Milenkovski, Baath et al. 2010)