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. 2015 Jul 29;15(2):103–109. doi: 10.1016/j.ipej.2015.07.005

Table 2.

Principal short-term syncope risk stratification studies. ECG = electrocardiography, BP = blood pressure, CHF = congestive heart failureSOB = shortness of breath, BNP = brain natriuretic peptid, ED = emergency department, CNS = central nervous system.

Study (N) Markers Follow up & adverse outcomes, frequency
San Francisco Rule (Derivation, 684)
  • -

    Abnormal ECG

  • -

    Low BP

  • -

    CHF, SOB

  • -

    Hematocrit <%30

 7 days
79, 11.5%
Rose Rule (Derivation, 550 Validation,550)
  • -

    Elevated BNP

  • -

    Chest pain

  • -

    Abnormal ECG

  • -

    Fecal blood

 1 month
Derivation, 40, 7.3%
Validation, 39, 7.1%
StePs (N = 676)
  • -

    Abnormal ECG

  • -

    Trauma

  • -

    No warning, Male gender

 10 days
41, 6.1%
Boston (N = 293)
  • -

    Acute coronary syndrome

  • -

    Conduction system disease

  • -

    Cardiac disease history

  • -

    Family history of sudden death

  • -

    Volume depletion

  • -

    Persistent abnormal vital signs in ED

  • -

    Primary CNS event

 1 month
68, 23%