Table 3.
Seropositivity associated with blood lead and cadmium levels, for each two-fold increase and across percentiles, among non-smoking NHANES participants, 1999–2012. All subjects
| Heavy metal | H. pylori | T. gondii | Hepatitis B virus | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Positive (Weighted %) | AOR (95 % CI)a,b | Positive (Weighted %) | AOR (95 % CI)a,c | Positive (Weighted %) | AOR (95 % CI)a,d | |
| Per doubling of blood lead | 23.1 | 1.22 (1.12–1.34) e | 11.0 | 1.19 (1.12–1.28) | 4.9 | 1.19 (1.08–1.32) |
| Blood lead concentration (μg/dL) | ||||||
| Quartile 1 | 12.7 | Ref | 5.6 | Ref | 2.2 | Ref |
| Quartile 2 | 19.9 | 1.31 (0.98–1.75) | 8.7 | 1.20 (0.93–1.54) | 4.0 | 1.41 (1.04–1.93) |
| Quartile 3 | 24.3 | 1.39 (1.13–1.72) | 12.8 | 1.53 (1.22–1.91) | 6.1 | 1.79 (1.31–2.43) |
| Quartile 4 | 34.1 | 1.69 (1.33–2.15) | 16.5 | 1.56 (1.28–1.90) | 7.1 | 1.70 (1.23–2.35) |
| p for trend | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | 0.0077 | |||
| Per doubling of blood cadmium | 23.1 | 1.37 (1.17–1.62) | 11.0 | 1.06 (0.96–1.18) | 4.9 | 1.38 (1.23–1.55) |
| Blood cadmium concentration (μg/L) | ||||||
| Tertile 1 | 13.4 | Ref | 6.9 | Ref | 2.8 | Ref |
| Tertile 2 | 22.1 | 1.51 (1.16–1.97) | 9.7 | 1.34 (1.03–1.74) | 3.8 | 1.09 (0.84–1.43) |
| Tertile 3 | 30.5 | 1.48 (1.25–1.76) | 14.4 | 1.32 (1.03–1.69) | 7.7 | 1.72 (1.32–2.25) |
| p for trend | <0.0001 | 0.1438 | <0.0001 | |||
aMultivariable logistic regression used with survey procedures
bAdjusted for age, gender, race/ethnicity, country of birth origin, family income, self-reported general health condition, tap water source, and household crowding
cAdjusted for NHANES cycle, age, gender, race/ethnicity, country of birth origin, family income, self-reported general health condition, and household crowding
dAdjusted for age, gender, race/ethnicity, country of birth origin, family income, self-reported general health condition, and use of illicit/street injected drugs
eBolded font denotes statistically significant (α < 0.05)